Forward Modeling Analysis in Advanced Exploration of Cross-Hole Grounded-Wire-Source Transient Electromagnetic Method

To address the challenge of accurately detecting hidden water inrush hazards ahead of working faces, a cross-hole transient electromagnetic (TEM) method utilizing a grounded-wire source is proposed. The technique positions a step-current-driven grounded-wire source within a working-face borehole, while electrode arrays in adjacent boreholes measure secondary electric field responses. This configuration minimizes interference from metal supports or machines, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the TEM signals. A theoretical analysis based on the unstructured finite-element (FE) method is used to investigate the configuration. The collected data are processed using differential techniques, and the results confirm the method’s effectiveness in detecting anomalies. This paper investigates the response of our cross-hole method to anomalies in terms of size, resistivity contrasts, and spatial location, with anomaly boundaries quantitatively delineated via first-order differential analysis. This significantly enhances the capability of TEM detection in identifying anomalies. A comparison between our cross-hole method and the traditional roadway–borehole TEM method, using the trapped column model, demonstrates that the proposed cross-hole device more effectively locates anomalies and improves accuracy. Furthermore, this technique enables the formation of a 3D observation framework by utilizing existing boreholes, presenting promising prospects for future applications.