journal article·2024-10-22Open access

Tumor Microenvironment and Dermatological Conditions in Prostate Cancer

Corina Daniela Ene, Cristina Capusa, Ilinca Nicolae, Mircea Tampa, Madalina Irina Mitran, Cristina Iulia Mitran, Claudia Ioana Dogaru, Andrei Marin, Ecaterina Rinja, Clara Matei, Simona Roxana Georgescu

Applied Sciences· Volume 14· Issue 21

Abstract

Tumor initiation, progression, and invasion are closely related to the tumor microenvironment. Inflammation can modulate the activity of the cells in the TME and contribute to all stages of tumor development. The etiopathogenesis of cutaneous manifestations associated with prostate cancer is unclear. The cutaneous phenotype associated with prostate cancer could be supported by intratumoral heterogeneity, the remodeling of interactions in the tumor microenvironment, and the dynamics of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Among the urinary system cancers, prostate cancer presents few cutaneous signs and symptoms, most being diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease. In this review, we analyze the cutaneous events associated with prostate cancer, represented by direct or indirect manifestations of the primary malignancy and the skin toxicities caused by oncological medications.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research · Immunotherapy and Immune Responses · Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Nephrology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Nephrology, ‘Carol Davila’ Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania

Research Department, ‘Victor Babes’ Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Dermatology, ‘Victor Babes’ Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Microbiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Plastic Surgery, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania

Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania

References (96)

Show source-provided references
1. Periprostatic Adipose Tissue: A New Perspective for Diagnosing and Treating Prostate Cancer10.7150/jca.89750 ↗
2. Global Trends of Prostate Cancer by Age, and Their Associations with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Human Development Index (HDI), Smoking, and Alcohol Drinking10.1016/j.clgc.2023.02.003 ↗
3. Yang, Z., Hou, Y., Li, J., Xu, D., Yang, Z., and Wang, X. (2024). Activating Transcription Factor 3 Is a New Biomarker Correlation with Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 38.10.1177/03946320241227320 ↗
4. Prostate Pathology: What is New in the 2022 WHO Classification of Urinary and Male Genital Tumors?
5. Wasim, S., Lee, S.-Y., and Kim, J. (2022). Complexities of Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.10.3390/ijms232214257 ↗
6. Murray, T.B.J. (2021). The Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer, Exon Publications.10.36255/exonpublications.prostatecancer.pathogenesis.2021 ↗
7. Sekhoacha, M., Riet, K., Motloung, P., Gumenku, L., Adegoke, A., and Mashele, S. (2022). Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules, 27.10.3390/molecules27175730 ↗
8. Matsushita, M., Fujita, K., and Nonomura, N. (2020). Influence of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.10.3390/ijms21041447 ↗
9. Risk Factors for PCa
10. Angiogenic Systemic Response to the Hypoxic Microenvironment in Prostate Tumorigenesis: A Pilot Study10.3892/etm.2023.12182 ↗
11. Wells, K.V., Krackeler, M.L., Jathal, M.K., Parikh, M., Ghosh, P.M., Leach, J.K., and Genetos, D.C. (2023). Prostate Cancer and Bone: Clinical Presentation and Molecular Mechanisms. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer, 30.10.1530/ERC-22-0360 ↗
12. Cutaneous Manifestations of Genitourinary Malignancy10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.02.027 ↗
13. Ene, C.D., Tampa, M., Georgescu, S.R., Matei, C., Leulescu, I.M.T., Dogaru, C.I., Penescu, M.N., and Nicolae, I. (2023). Disturbances in Nitric Oxide Cycle and Related Molecular Pathways in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers, 15.10.3390/cancers15245797 ↗
14. Cutaneous Metastases from Solid Neoplasms—Literature Review10.1016/j.abd.2022.10.009 ↗
15. Prostate Cancer: The Role of Inflammation and Chemokines10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.007 ↗
16. Regulation of Prostate Cancer Progression by the Tumor Microenvironment10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.022 ↗
17. IL-6 Signaling Link between Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Prostatic Tumorigenesis10.1155/2022/5980387 ↗
18. Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression and Therapeutic Strategy10.1002/cam4.5698 ↗
19. Georgescu, S.R., Tocut, S.M., Matei, C., Ene, C.D., Nicolae, I., and Tampa, M. (2024). A Panel of Potential Serum Markers Related to Angiogenesis, Antioxidant Defense and Hypoxia for Differentiating Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas from Actinic Keratoses. J. Pers. Med., 14.10.3390/jpm14010103 ↗
20. Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Evolutionary Parallels to Breast Cancer Treatment. Letter10.1097/JU.0000000000003423 ↗
21. Ene, C.D., Penescu, M.N., Georgescu, S.R., Tampa, M., and Nicolae, I. (2020). Posttranslational Modifications Pattern in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites, 11.10.3390/metabo11010010 ↗
22. Dietary Fructose Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0456 ↗
23. Mechanistic Insights on Localized to Metastatic Prostate Cancer Transition and Therapeutic Opportunities
24. Association between the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Prostate Cancer10.1080/01635581.2023.2272800 ↗
25. YY1 complex in M2 macrophage promotes prostate cancer progression by upregulating IL-610.1136/jitc-2022-006020 ↗
26. Cytokine profiling of docetaxel-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer10.1038/bjc.2015.74 ↗
27. Evaluation of CD47 in the Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer10.1155/2023/2473075 ↗
28. The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Prostate and Bladder Cancer10.1016/j.ucl.2020.10.005 ↗
29. Apolipoprotein E Induces Pathogenic Senescent-Like Myeloid Cells in Prostate Cancer10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.004 ↗
30. Wolf, I., Gratzke, C., and Wolf, P. (2022). Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Clinical Aspects and Targeted Therapies. Front. Oncol., 12.10.3389/fonc.2022.935715 ↗
31. Koukourakis, I.M., Platoni, K., Kouloulias, V., Arelaki, S., and Zygogianni, A. (2023). Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Biology and Treatment Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.10.3390/ijms241914890 ↗
32. Al Salhi, Y., Sequi, M.B., Valenzi, F.M., Fuschi, A., Martoccia, A., Suraci, P.P., Carbone, A., Tema, G., Lombardo, R., and Cicione, A. (2023). Cancer Stem Cells and Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.10.3390/ijms24097746 ↗
33. Distal Phalangeal Necrosis in the Extremities as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Prostate Cancer: An Extremely Rare Case10.1159/000354648 ↗
34. Cancer statistics, 202410.3322/caac.21820 ↗
35. A Mirror of Metastatic Destiny—A Case Series of Cutaneous Metastases10.4103/cdr.cdr_111_21 ↗
36. Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review10.3390/curroncol31030123 ↗
37. Cutaneous Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: Two Cases with Similar Clinical Findings10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_917_16 ↗
38. Metástasis Cutáneas de Adenocarcinoma de Próstata10.1016/j.ad.2017.02.034 ↗
39. Skin Metastases From Prostate Cancer Successfully Treated with Radiation Therapy10.1259/bjrcr.20200142 ↗
40. Skin Metastasis, An Uncommon Course Of Prostate Carcinoma: A Report Of Two Cases
41. Simultaneous Thoracic Spine Metastatic Melanoma and Pre-existing Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Case Presentation and Literature Review
42. Cutaneous Metastasis Leading to the Diagnosis of Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Rare Case Report And Review Of Literature10.4103/ijd.IJD_7_17 ↗
43. Mak, G., Chin, M., Nahar, N., and De Souza, P. (2014). Cutaneous Metastasis of Prostate Carcinoma Treated with Radiotherapy: A Case Presentation. BMC Res. Notes, 7.10.1186/1756-0500-7-505 ↗
44. Wong, J.K., Minni, J.P., and Nowak, M.A. (2018). A Novel Case of NKX3.1-Positive Metastatic Cutaneous Prostate Cancer. Dermatol. Online J., 24.10.5070/D32410041718 ↗
45. Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic to The Skin As An Extrammamary Paget’s Disease10.1186/1746-1596-7-106 ↗
46. Eruptive Papules as a Cutaneous Manifestation of Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma10.1097/DAD.0000000000002559 ↗
47. Metástasis Cutáneas A Distancia De Cáncer De Próstata: 2 Casos10.1016/j.ad.2015.09.021 ↗
48. Cutaneous Metastasis of Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Rare Presentation of a Common Disease10.1177/2324709621990769 ↗
49. Kubicka-Wołkowska, J., Dębska-Szmich, S., Lisik-Habib, M., Noweta, M., and Potemski, P. (2014). Malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with prostate cancer: A case report. BMC Urol., 14.10.1186/1471-2490-14-88 ↗
50. Triple Primary Cancer of the Head and Neck, Skin and Prostate: A Case Report and Literature Review
51. Patasius, A., Urbonas, V., and Smailyte, G. (2019). Skin Melanoma and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Lithuanian Cancer Registry Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.10.3390/ijerph16203915 ↗
52. Figueroa-Silva, O., Espasandín-Arias, M., García-Martínez, F.J., Fernández-Redondo, V., and Toribio, J. (2017). Is It Just a Psoriasiform Dermatitis?. Dermatol. Online J., 23.10.5070/D32311037272 ↗
53. Cutaneous Melanoma, Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing and the Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: A Prospective Analysis of The 45 And Up Study10.1038/s41416-022-02027-7 ↗
54. Ene, C.D., and Nicolae, I. (2022). Hypoxia-Nitric Oxide Axis and the Associated Damage Molecular Pattern in Cutaneous Melanoma. J. Pers. Med., 12.10.3390/jpm12101646 ↗
55. Paraneoplastic Evans Syndrome in a Patient with Prostate Cancer with Small Cell Transformation
56. Metastatic Carcinoma of Prostate as a Mimicker of SAPHO Syndrome10.3121/cmr.2021.1539 ↗
57. Three Simultaneous Paraneoplastic Manifestations (Ichthyosis Acquisita, Bazex Syndrome, And Leser–Trélat Sign) with Prostate Adenocarcinoma10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.008 ↗
58. Bazex Syndrome: Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica in Association With Simultaneous Multiple Genitourinary Tumors10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00529-X ↗
59. Cutaneous Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis and Acquired Ichtyosis Associated with Prostatic Carcinoma
60. Bernett, C.N., Davidson, C.L., and Schmieder, G.J. (2024). Leser-Trélat Sign. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publication.
61. Sweet’s Syndrome (Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis) Associated with Adenocarcinoma of Prostate And Transitional Cell Carcinoma Of Urinary Bladder10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01207.x ↗
62. Pararajasingam, A., and Ponnambath, N. (2020). Acquired Darier Disease in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Paraneoplastic Process?. Dermatol. Online J., 26.10.5070/D32611047893 ↗
63. Darier Disease: A Rare Genodermatosis10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_170_16 ↗
64. Localized Scleroderma: Predisposing and Triggering Factors10.2174/1874372201711010001 ↗
65. Paraneoplastic Vesiculobullous Dermatomyositis With Synchronic Prostate And Tongue Tumors: Case Report
66. Dermatomyositis Als Paraneoplastisch Syndroom
67. How Can We Effectively Address the Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis: Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Treatment Options
68. Anti-Laminin-332 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Associated with Recurrent Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma: Hypothesis for a Paraneoplastic Phenomenon10.1684/ejd.2011.1360 ↗
69. Paraneoplastic Erythroderma in a Prostate Cancer Patient10.1007/s00066-002-0967-y ↗
70. Exfoliative Dermatitis as a Para-neoplastic Syndrome of Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Rare Case Report with Literature Review10.21873/cdp.10038 ↗
71. Étude Rétrospective d’une Série de Pemphigus Paranéoplasiques10.1016/j.annder.2018.01.050 ↗
72. Rare Case of Paraneoplastic Pemphigus Associated with Prostatic Cancer10.1097/DAD.0000000000002313 ↗
73. Metastatic Prostate Cancer Presenting as Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: A Favourable Clinical Response to Combined Androgen Blockade and Conventional Immunosuppressive Therapy10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08982.x ↗
74. Numb Chin Syndrome: A Case Series of a Clinical Syndrome Associated With Malignancy10.1111/1754-9485.12177 ↗
75. Intractable Chronic Pruritus in a 67-year-old Man10.2340/00015555-0520 ↗
76. Prostate Cancer Presenting with Pruritus and Cholestasis10.4166/kjg.2021.059 ↗
77. Dermatological Manifestation of Metastatic Prostate Cancer10.1136/bcr-2020-237115 ↗
78. Erythema Gyratum Repens10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.1694 ↗
79. Eosinophilic Annular Erythema in a Patient with Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma
80. Paraneoplastic Palmar Fasciitis and Polyarthritis Syndrome in a Patient with Advanced Prostate Cancer10.1016/j.clgc.2013.05.008 ↗
81. Fulminant Digital Necrosis in a Patient with Prostate Adenocarcinoma10.1016/j.aller.2009.06.006 ↗
82. Comparison of Dose Requirement, Serum Erythropoietin and Blood Pressure Following Intravenous and Subcutaneous Erythropoietin Treatment of Dialysis Patients: IV and SC Erythropoietin10.1007/s002280050088 ↗
83. Bilaterally Mammary Acanthosis Nigricans as Paraneoplastic Manifestation of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
84. Khan, M.S., Khan, M., and Aivaz, O. (2020). Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis in a Patient with Prostate Cancer. Dermatol. Online J., 26.10.5070/D3262047431 ↗
85. Paraneoplastic Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris in Association with Prostate Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
86. Case of Cutaneous Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma as Initial Evidence of Neuroendocrine Differentiation10.1097/DAD.0000000000001956 ↗
87. An Overview of Prostate Cancer
88. Management of Dermatologic Adverse Events from Cancer Therapies: Recommendations of an Expert Panel10.1016/j.abd.2020.01.001 ↗
89. Shedding Light on the Management of Acute Radiation Dermatitis: Insight from the MASCC Oncodermatology Study Group10.1007/s00520-023-08011-y ↗
90. Dermatological Adverse Events in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with the Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Apalutamide10.1097/JU.0000000000002425 ↗
91. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Caused by Apalutamide: A Case Report of Treatment Using Etanercept with Conventional Steroid Therapy10.2340/actadv.v102.2243 ↗
92. Cancer statistics10.3322/caac.21708 ↗
93. Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis During Apalutamide Treatment in a Patient with Prostate Cancer10.1002/iju5.12525 ↗
94. Characteristics of Mild and Severe Apalutamide-Related Cutaneous Adverse Events in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Literature10.1111/1346-8138.16972 ↗
95. Olaparib-Induced Purpuric Drug Eruption in a Patient with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer10.1159/000530981 ↗
96. Development of PARP Inhibitors in Advanced Prostate Cancer10.1177/17588359231221337 ↗