Experiment and Numerical Prediction on Shock Sensitivity of HMX–Based Booster Explosive with Small Scale Gap Test at Low and Elevated Temperatures
Source abstract
Abstract
In order to analyze the effect of temperature changes on the shock initiation performance of HMX–based booster explosive, which consists of 95% HMX and 5% FPM2602 by weight, a temperature calibration test of acceptor was designed. The temperature changes in the booster at low and elevated temperatures under the constraint of steel sleeve were obtained. Based on the temperature calibration results, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as gap material to conduct a small scale gap test (SSGT) of HMX–based booster under different temperature conditions. The corresponding critical gap thickness was tested. Based on SSGT results at different temperatures, the shock initiation processes were simulated by adjusting parameters of ignition and growth reactive rate model. The critical gap thickness and critical initiation pressure of HMX–based booster at different temperatures were numerically predicted. By combining SSGT experimental data and simulation results, the attenuation law and fitting prediction formula of the critical initiation pressure of HMX–based booster were proposed. The mechanism of temperature effect on the shock sensitivity of HMX–based booster explosive was analyzed. The research results indicate that the critical gap thickness of HMX–based booster gradually increases with the rise in temperature, and the critical initiation pressure gradually decreases during the shock initiation process under the heating temperature conditions. In addition, the simulation results show that the heated HMX–based booster under steel constraints becomes more sensitive at high temperatures (>120 °C), while the cooled booster is more insensitive, but its critical initial pressure does not change significantly between 88 °C and 120 °C. The experimental and numerical prediction results are important for the shock initiation safety and design of an insensitive booster explosive.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Energetic Materials and Combustion · Combustion and Detonation Processes · High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
Funding
Robust Munitions Center, CAEP · general projects of technology field funds of China · Xi’an Institute of Modern Chemistry
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Development Situation of Booster at Home and Abroad
2. Overview of the development of domestic and foreign explosives—The development of varieties of explosives
3. Introduction to the Research of Explosive Transmitters in China
4. In-situ temperature-varying X-ray small-angle scattering of HMX crystal particle microstructures
5. Shock sensitivity of LX-04 at elevated temperatures
6. Forbes, J.W., Tarver, C.M., and Urtiew, G. (1998). The Effects of Confinement and Temperature on the Shock Sensitivity of Solid Explosives, Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL).
7. Shock initiation of energetic materials at different initial temperatures (review)10.1007/s10573-005-0085-0 ↗
8. Ayres, J.N., Montesi, L.J., and Bauer, R.J. (1973). Small Scale Gap Test (SSGT) Data Compilation. Military Technology, Weaponry and National Defense Chemical Explosions and Explosives, Naval Ordnance Lab.
9. Shock Sensitivity of LX-04 at 150 °C
10. Manganin gauge and reactive flow modeling study of the shock initiation of PBX 9501
11. Shock Sensitivity of LX-04 Containing Delta Phase HMX at Elevated Temperatures
12. Urtiew, P.A., Vandersall, K.S., Tarver, C.M., and Garcia, F. (2005, January 10). Initiation of Heated PBX-9501 Explosive When Exposed to Dynamic Loading. Proceedings of the Zababakhin Scientific Talks, Snezhinsk, Russia.
13. Shock initiation experiments on PBX9501 explosive at 150 °C for ignition and growth model
14. Small scale gap testing of novel compositions
15. What influences the shock sensitivity of high explosives?
16. Prediction of shock sensitivity of explosives based on small-scale gap test10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.091 ↗
17. On shock initiation of heated explosives
18. Shock to Initiation Characters of Heated Explosives with Different Confinement10.1002/prep.201500152 ↗
19. Chuzeville, V., Baudin, G., Lefrancois, A., Genetier, M., Barbarin, Y., Jacquet, L., and Catoire, L. (2017, January 13). Detonation initiation of heterogeneous melt-cast high explosives. Proceedings of the 19th American Physical Society Topical Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Tampa Bay, FL, USA.10.1063/1.4971467 ↗
20. Modeling of large scale and expanded large scale gap tests using the CTH hydrocode
21. Evaluation of the energy fluence in the small scale gap test10.1002/prep.201000007 ↗
22. Numerical Modeling of Shock Sensitivity Experiments (SSGT)
23. Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Shock Initiation of JH-14C Detonation Device
24. A full-scale hydrodynamic simulation of energetic component system10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.08.010 ↗
25. Sympathetic detonation of booster pipe with JO–9C charge
26. Shock Initiation Characteristics of Explosives at Near-ambient Temperatures
27. Analysis on shock attenuation in gap test configuration for characterizing energetic materials10.1063/1.4945777 ↗
28. Sutherland, G.T., Benjamin, R., and Kooker, D. (2017, January 13). Simulations of the modified gap experiment. Proceedings of the 19th American Physical Society Topical Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Tampa Bay, FL, USA.10.1063/1.4971492 ↗
29. Quantitative prediction and ranking of the shock sensitivity of explosives via reactive molecular dynamics simulations10.1016/j.dt.2022.01.002 ↗
30. A new Ignition-Growth reaction rate model for shock initiation10.1016/j.dt.2022.01.009 ↗
31. Yuan, J., Qin, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, H., Huang, R., Wang, J., Han, T., and Wu, R. (2023). Friction Sensitivity Test Experiment and Desensitization Mechanism of Nitrocellulose-Coated DNTF Explosive Crystals. Coatings, 13.10.3390/coatings13101721 ↗
32. (1994). Technology and Industry for National Defense. Safety Tests for Booster (Standard No. GJB 2178-97).
33. Tarver, C.M., Hallquist, J.O., and Erickson, L.M. (1985, January 15). Modeling short pulse duration shock initiation of solid explosives. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Detonation, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
34. Lee, E., Finger, M., and Collins, W. (1973, January 6). JWL equation of state coefficients for high explosives[R]. Proceedings of the Symposium on Detonation, Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA.10.2172/4479737 ↗
35. Experimental study on JO–9C explosive charge spacer under different temperature environment
36. Li, S. (2017). Study on the Safe Evaluation of Ammunition Detonation Sequence under Shock Wave. [Master’s Thesis, North University of China].
37. Tarver, C.M., and McGuire, E.M. (2002, January 1). Reactive Flow Modeling of the Interaction of TATB Detonation Waves with Inert Materials. Proceedings of the 12 International Detonation Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.
38. Response characteristics of PBX-2 explosives in combined thermal and gunshot environment test
39. Experimental study on the development of pressure field of impact detonation of JB9014 explosives at room temperature and −54 °C low temperature
40. Effect of Temperature, Density and Confinement on Deflagration to Detonation Transition of an HMX based Explosive10.1002/prep.201300112 ↗
41. Impact response characteristics of PBX-2 explosive projectiles at room temperature and 75 °C
42. Impact response characteristics of a cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine based polymer-bonded explosives under different temperatures
43. Combustion trans burst characteristics of PBX-2 explosives under heating conditions
44. Cady, H.H., and Smith, L.C. (1962). Studies on the Polymorphs of HMX, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California.
45. Sandusky, H.W., Granholm, R.H., Bohl, D.G., Vandersall, K.S., Hare, D.E., and Garcia, F. (2006). Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition in LX-04 as a Function of Loading Density, Temperature, and Confinement, Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL).
46. Maienschein, J.L., and Koerner, J.G. (2008). Deflagration Behavior of PBX 9501 at Elevated Temperature and Pressure, Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL).
47. On the nucleation mechanism of the β-δ phase transition in the energetic nitramine octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine10.1063/1.1782491 ↗
48. Shock wave susceptibility of explosives—Spacer test
49. The influence law and mechanism analysis of high temperature and mechanical stress on the mechanical behaviour of PBX
50. Blast performance of TATB-based polymer bonded explosives at 75 °C