Investigating the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry in the Prediction of Part Properties in the High-Speed Sintering Process
Source abstract
Abstract
High-speed sintering (HSS) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique with high potential for end-use products. Previous research has identified differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as being a viable method for evaluating the mechanical performance of parts manufactured using the (similar) laser sintering (LS) process through the determination of the degree of particle melt (DPM). This research expands this to demonstrate the applicability of DPM measurement to the HSS process, demonstrating a clear linear correlation between tensile properties and DPM. The DPM increased from 64.9% to 75.8% as sinter speed was reduced from 180 mm/s to 140 mm/s (a slower speed providing a higher energy input), with the ultimate tensile strength approximately doubling over this range. High coefficients of determination (>0.9) indicate that the DPM is a strong indicator of tensile properties, demonstrating the potential for DPM measurements as quality assessment tools for the HSS process.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Injection Molding Process and Properties · Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials · Advanced materials and composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
Funding
EPSRC
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. (2022). Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—Fundamentals and Vocabulary (Standard No. BS EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2021).
2. Hopkinson, N., Hague, R., and Dickens, P. (2006). Rapid Manufacturing: An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.10.1002/0470033991 ↗
3. Brown, R., Morgan, C.T., and Majewski, C.E. (2018, January 13–15). Not just Nylon Improving the Range of Materials for High Speed Sintering, Solid Freeform Fabrication. Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, USA.
4. (2024, August 28). Additive Manufacturing and Materials Market—Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022–2027). Available online: https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-additive-manufacturing-and-material-market-industry.
5. (2024, August 28). Revolutionising Insole Production with SLS 3D Printing, Buchanan Orthotics. Available online: https://www.buchananorthotics.co.uk/clinicians/guides/revolutionising-insole-production-with-sls-3d-printing.html.
6. Selective Laser Sintering for printing pharmaceutical dosage forms10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104699 ↗
7. (2024, August 28). Avular Customizes Drones via Materialise’s On-Demand Manufacturing, Empowered by HP Digital Manufacturing Network, Materialise. Available online: https://www.materialise.com/en/inspiration/articles/avular-customized-3d-printed-parts.
8. Rajendran, S., Palani, G., Kanakaraj, A., Shanmugam, V., Veerasimman, A., Gądek, S., Korniejenko, K., and Marimuthu, U. (2023). Metal and Polymer Based Composites Manufactured Using Additive Manufacturing—A Brief Review. Polymers, 15.10.3390/polym15112564 ↗
9. (2024, August 28). 3D Printing and the Need to Measure Physical and Dimensional Properties, AZO Materials. Available online: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=19159.
10. Effect of degree of particle melt on mechanical properties in selective laser sintered Nylon-12 parts10.1243/09544054JEM1122 ↗
11. Degree of particle melt in Nylon-12 selective laser-sintered parts10.1108/13552540910943423 ↗
12. Majewski, C.E., Zarringhalam, H., and Hopkinson, N. (2008, January 4–6). Effects of degree of particle melt and crystallinity in SLS Nylon-12 parts. Proceedings of the 2008 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, USA.
13. Zarringhalam, H. (2007). Investigation into Crystallinity and Degree of Particle Melt in Selective Laser Sintering. [Ph.D. Thesis, Loughborough University]. Available online: https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/thesis/Investigation_into_crystallinity_and_degree_of_particle_melt_in_selective_laser_sintering/9516743.
14. Effect of annealing on thermal properties and crystalline structure of polyamides. Nylon 12 (polyaurolactam)10.1007/BF01382456 ↗
15. The enthalpy of fusion and degree of crystallinity of polymers as measured by DSC10.1016/S0014-3057(03)00054-5 ↗
16. Quantifying the degree of particle melt in selective laser sintering10.1016/j.cirp.2009.03.001 ↗
17. High speed sintering: Assessing the influence of print density on microstructure and mechanical properties of nylon parts
18. Norazman, F., Smith, P., and Hopkinson, N. (2016, January 8–10). Spectral analysis of infrared lamps for use in the high speed sintering process. Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium—An Additive Manufacturing Conference, Austin, TX, USA. Available online: https://hdl.handle.net/2152/89704.
19. Effect of infra-red power level on the sintering behaviour in the high speed sintering process10.1108/13552540810878012 ↗
20. Cooling rate dependence of the crystallinity at nonisothermal crystallization of polymers: A phenomenological model10.1002/app.42977 ↗
21. (2022). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Standard No. ASTM D638).
22. El Magri, A., Bencaid, S.E., Vanaei, H.R., and Vaudreuil, S. (2022). Effects of Laser Power and Hatch Orientation on Final Properties of PA12 Parts Produced by Selective Laser Sintering. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14173674 ↗
23. Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.007 ↗
24. The effect of process conditions on mechanical properties of laser-sintered nylon10.1108/13552541111184143 ↗
25. High speed sintering: Assessing the influence of energy input on microstructure and mechanical properties of polyether block amide (PEBA) parts10.1007/s10118-024-3077-9 ↗
26. Impact of extended sintering times on mechanical properties in PA-12 parts produced by powderbed fusion processes
27. Influence of energy density on polyamide 12 processed by SLS: From physical and mechanical properties to microstructural and crystallization evolution10.1108/RPJ-02-2020-0027 ↗
28. Changes in polyamide 11 microstructure and chemistry during selective laser sintering
29. Pezold, D., Wimmer, M., Alfayez, F., Bashir, Z., and Döpper, F. (2022). Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Powder in High Speed Sintering. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14102095 ↗
30. Relationships between porosity and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 parts produced using the laser sintering and multi-jet fusion powder bed fusion processes10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.08.012 ↗
31. Comparative study on 3D printing of polyamide 12 by selective laser sintering and multi jet fusion10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116882 ↗
32. Two-step approach based on selective laser sintering for high performance carbon black/polyamide 12 composite with 3D segregated conductive network10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107214 ↗