On-Chain/Off-Chain Adaptive Low-Latency Network Communication Technology with High Security and Regulatory Compliance
Source abstract
Abstract
The rapid advancement of blockchain technology has introduced a new paradigm for constructing trusted digital economic infrastructure. However, its large-scale adoption remains constrained by dual challenges: on-chain and off-chain communication efficiency and security assurance. This paper addresses the universal demands of blockchain in complex application scenarios by proposing a low-latency, high-security, adaptive, and regulatory-compliant network communication technology bridging on-chain and off-chain systems. A hierarchical “device–edge–chain” communication architecture based on edge gateways is designed to address the critical challenge of achieving one-second on-chain processing for tens of millions of data entries. Experimental validation demonstrates that the system sustains transaction throughput at the scale of at least 10 million while consistently maintaining sub-second latency thresholds. Furthermore, implemented fault tolerance mechanisms ensure reliable operation through dynamic path switching and capacity-aware load redistribution. This architecture systematically resolves the performance–security–regulatory compliance trilemma inherent in conventional blockchain systems deployed within complex real-world environments.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Software-Defined Networks and 5G · Interconnection Networks and Systems · Caching and Content Delivery
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Funding
National Key Research and Development Program of China · The Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu
References (23)
Show source-provided references
1. Nakamoto, S. (2025, July 01). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
2. Poon, J., and Dryja, T. (2025, July 01). The Bitcoin Lightning Network. Available online: https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf.
3. Wang, J., and Wang, H. (2019, January 26–28). Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones. Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19), Boston, MA, USA.
4. Hong, Z., Guo, S., Li, P., and Chen, W. (2021, January 10–13). Pyramid: A layered sharding blockchain system. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021—IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Virtual.10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488747 ↗
5. Kokoris-Kogias, E., Jovanovic, P., Gasser, L., Gailly, N., Syta, E., and Ford, B. (2018, January 20–24). Omniledger: A secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, CA, USA.10.1109/SP.2018.000-5 ↗
6. Zamani, M., Movahedi, M., and Raykova, M. (2018, January 15–19). Rapidchain: Scaling blockchain via full sharding. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’18, Toronto, ON, Canada.10.1145/3243734.3243853 ↗
7. Qi, J., Chen, X., Jiang, Y., Jiang, J., Shen, T., Zhao, S., Wang, S., Zhang, G., Chen, L., and Au, M. (2021, January 26–29). Bidl: A High-Throughput, Low-Latency Permissioned Blockchain Framework for Datacenter Networks. Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Virtual.10.1145/3477132.3483574 ↗
8. Sun, G., Jiang, M., Khooi, X., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2023, January 10). NeoBFT: Accelerating Byzantine Fault Tolerance Using Authenticated In-Network Ordering. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference, New York, NY, USA.10.1145/3603269.3604874 ↗
9. Wei, X., Cheng, R., Yang, Y., Chen, R., and Chen, H. (2023, January 10–12). Characterizing Off-path SmartNIC for Accelerating Distributed Systems. Proceedings of the 17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 23), Boston, MA, USA. Available online: https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi23/presentation/wei-smartnic.
10. Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., Dharanipragada, S., and Yu, M. (2023, January 17–19). Electrode: Accelerating Distributed Protocols with eBPF. Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23), Boston, MA, USA. Available online: https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi23/presentation/zhou.
11. Castro, M., and Liskov, B. (1999, January 22–25). Practical Byzantine fault tolerance. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), New Orleans, LA, USA.
12. Larimer, D. (2025, July 22). Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS). Available online: https://bitshares.org/technology/delegated-proof-of-stake-consensus/.
13. Yin, M., Malkhi, D., Reiter, M., Gueta, G., and Abraham, I. (August, January 29). HotStuff: BFT Consensus in the Lens of Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), Toronto, ON, Canada.10.1145/3293611.3331591 ↗
14. IOTA Stiftung (2025, March 27). About IOTA. Available online: https://docs.iota.org/about-iota.
15. Nano Foundation (2025, March 27). Nano Documentation. Available online: https://docs.nano.org/protocol-design/introduction/.
16. Vite Labs Limited (2025, March 27). ZERO GAS LAYER-1. Available online: https://vite.org/.
17. Dolev, S., Margalit, O., Pinkas, B., and Schwarzmann, A. (2021). Tortoise and hares consensus: The meshcash framework for incentive-compatible, scalable cryptocurrencies. Cyber Security Cryptography and Machine Learning, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-78086-9 ↗
18. Xiao, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, Z., Li, B., Dai, X., and Jin, H. (2022, January 10–13). Nezha: Exploiting concurrency for transaction processing in dag-based blockchains. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 42nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Bologna, Italy.10.1109/ICDCS54860.2022.00034 ↗
19. Zhang, F., Cecchetti, E., Croman, K., Juels, A., and Shi, E. (2016, January 24–28). Town crier: An authenticated data feed for smart contracts. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’16, Vienna, Austria.10.1145/2976749.2978326 ↗
20. Atwal, K.S., and Bassiouni, M. (2017, January 6–8). Softaccess: Cloud-based software defined virtualized wireless mobile access networks. Proceedings of the 2017 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud), San Francisco, CA, USA.10.1109/MobileCloud.2017.16 ↗
21. Kim, H., Schlansker, M., Santos, J.R., Tourrilhes, J., Turner, Y., and Feamster, N. (November, January 30). Coronet: Fault tolerance for software defined networks. Proceedings of the 2012 20th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Austin, TX, USA.
22. Li, H., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, T., and Wang, L. (2016, January 22–27). A declarative failure recovery system in software defined networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.10.1109/ICC.2016.7510887 ↗
23. Wu, D., Arkhipov, D.I., Asmare, E., Qin, Z., and McCann, J.A. (May, January 26). Ubiflow: Mobility management in urban-scale software defined iot. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Hong Kong, China.10.1109/INFOCOM.2015.7218384 ↗