Research on the Implementation of a Heat Pump in a District Heating System Operating with Gas Boiler and CHP Unit

Given the widespread use of gas-fired boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) units in existing district heating (DH) systems, this study investigates the integration of medium-scale heat pumps (HPs) into such configurations. Fifteen DH system variants were analysed, differing in installed HP capacity, operational strategies, and the synchronisation of heat and electricity production with thermal demand. A dynamic simulation model incorporating real-world equipment performance was developed to assess energy efficiency, environmental impact, and economic viability under three distinct energy price scenarios. The results demonstrate that an HP sized to 17% of the total heating capacity of the DH system achieves a 54% decrease in primary energy consumption and a 68% decrease in emissions compared to the base system. Larger HP capacities enhance environmental performance and increase the share of renewable energy but also entail higher investment. An economic analysis reveals that electricity-to-gas price ratios strongly influence the cost-effectiveness of HP integration. Under favourable electricity pricing conditions, systems with HP operational priority achieve the lowest levelized cost of heating. The most economically viable configuration consists of 600 kW HP and achieves a payback period of 4.7 years. The findings highlight the potential for HPs to decarbonize DH systems while emphasising the importance of market conditions and system design in ensuring economic feasibility.