New Bio-Based Binding Systems for Plywood Panels
Source abstract
Abstract
This study investigated the use of non-formaldehyde binders in the production of plywood panels, focusing on mixtures containing 70% poly 4,4’-methylene diphenyl isocyanate (pMDI) and 30% soy flour (SF), along with blends of soy flour and agricultural residues (olive by-products—with and without extraction of their bioactive ingredients—and defatted hemp seeds). The basic properties of these biomaterials, such as moisture content, pH, and buffering capacity, were determined with laboratory analysis. Adhesive mixtures were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adhesive’s bonding ability was evaluated by manufacturing plywood panels on a laboratory scale, simulating industrial practices. The glue lines were visually inspected with a stereomicroscope. Micro-ATR-FTIR study of the cross-sections of plywood panels showed the full consumption of isocyanate groups indicating effective curing of the adhesive. Mixtures containing olive residues, particularly olive skin and stones, showed improved thermal stability in the TGA study. The mechanical properties of the plywood panels were assessed with three-point bending tests, while their shear strength and wood failure performance were tested according to the European standards used in the relevant industry (EN 314.1:2004 and EN 314.2:1993). In terms of flexural properties, the adhesive with non-extracted (NE) residual olive skin (ROS) showed the highest flexural strength of around 17 MPa and a flexural modulus of 650 MPa. The formulations containing extracted materials from hemp seeds (HSs) and residual olive skin (ROS) showed the best overall performance with wood failure values of 85% and 75% after the most severe cyclic test (EN314.1:2004-Pretreatment 5.1.3). Overall, the results showed that binders prepared with residual olive skin and defatted hemp seeds have promising performance and can be used in the manufacture of plywood panels.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Architecture and Computational Design
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Chimar Hellas S.A., 15 km National Road Thessaloniki—Polygyros, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
PharmaGnose S.A., 57th km Athens-Lamia National Road, 32011 Oinofyta, Greece
Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Laboratory of Archaeometry and Physicochemical Measurements, “Athena” Research Centre, Kimmeria University Campus, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Funding
European Regional Development Fund of the European Union
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. Starch based PMDI (Polymeric methyl diphenyl diisocyanate) Adhesives for Plywood
2. A comprehensive review on wood chip moisture content assessment and prediction10.1016/j.rser.2023.113843 ↗
3. (2024, January 03). Available online: https://www.donausoja.org/record-high-for-soybean-output-in-europe-11-5-million-tonnes/.
4. Guo, M. (2009). Soy food products and their health benefits. Functional Foods Principles and Technology, Woodhead Publishing. Chapter 7.10.1533/9781845696078.237 ↗
5. The effects of SOY extract nutraceuticals on postmenopausal women’s health: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial10.1016/j.jff.2024.106055 ↗
6. Leite, B., Bezerra, P., Stocco, B., Abichabki, N., Andrade, L., Fonseca, M., and Torqueti, M. (2023). Biotransformed soybean cream as a new nutraceutical for skin care: Collagen stimulation in vitro and ex vivo. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 56.10.1590/1414-431x2023e12781 ↗
7. (2024, January 12). Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, SpecialChem, The Material Selection Platform. Available online: https://cosmetics.specialchem.com/inci-ingredients/hydrolyzed-soy-protein.
8. Development of soy-based adhesives for the manufacture of wood composite products10.1515/hf-2011-0196 ↗
9. Cross-linked soy-based wood adhesives for plywood10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2014.01.026 ↗
10. Zhu, Z., Zhang, E., Tu, Y., Ye, M., and Chen, N. (2022). An Eco-Friendly Wood Adhesive Consisting of Soybean Protein and Cardanol-Based Epoxy for Wood Based Composites. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14142831 ↗
11. Hao, Z., Xi, X., Hou, D., Lei, H., Li, C., Xu, G., and Du, G. (2023). A fully bio-based soy protein wood adhesive modified by citric acid with high water tolerance. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127135 ↗
12. Performance of Different Fillers in Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (pMDI) Resin
13. Soy Flour Substitution in Polymeric Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Resin Reduces Press Platen Sticking
14. Study on Performance of Flame Retardant and Smokeless Reed/Magnesite Cement Inorganic Particleboard
15. Hemp Seed Production in Finland10.1300/J237v09n01_11 ↗
16. Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., and Merendino, N. (2020). The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional quality and potential functionality for human health and nutrition. Nutrients, 12.10.3390/nu12071935 ↗
17. Dunford, N. (2024, January 12). Hemp Seed Oil Properties, Extension. Available online: https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/hemp-seed-oil-properties.html.
18. Hemp flour as a formaldehyde scavenger for melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production10.15376/biores.15.2.4052-4064 ↗
19. Hempseed protein is a potential alternative source for plant protein-based adhesives10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103740 ↗
20. Petar, D. (2024, February 12). How Many Olives Are Harvested on an Average Olive Tree?. Available online: https://oliveknowledge.com/how-many-olives-are-harvested-on-olive-tree/.
21. Preparation and characterization of olive pit powder as a filler to PLA-matrix bio-composites10.1016/j.powtec.2013.10.047 ↗
22. Production of particleboard using olive stone waste for interior design10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101119 ↗
23. Valvez, S., Maceiras, A., Santos, P., and Reis, P.N.B. (2021). Olive Stones as Filler for Polymer-Based Composites: A Review. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14040845 ↗
24. Olive stone an attractive source of bioactive and valuable compounds10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.027 ↗
25. Olive stone powder: A potential source of fiber and antioxidant and its effect on the rheological characteristics of biscuit dough and quality10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102423 ↗
26. (2024, February 12). Olive Pit: Beyond the Olive: Lesser Known Uses of Olive Pits, Faster Capital. Available online: https://fastercapital.com/content/Olive-pit--Beyond-the-Olive--Lesser-Known-Uses-of-Olive-Pits.html.
27. (2024, February 20). What Do Olive Stones Have in Common with Barbecue and Soccer Fields?. Available online: https://leroma.de/blog/id/olive_stones.html.
28. Investigating the characteristics of cactus seeds by-product and their use as a new filler in phenol formaldehyde wood adhesive10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102940 ↗
29. Elsahli, E., Elhrari, W., Klash, A., and Shebani, A. (2016, January 25–30). The use of olive stone waste for production of particleboard using commercial polyster sealer as a binding agent. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Alkhoms, Libya.
30. Curing behavior of soy flour with phenol-formaldehyde and isocyanate resins10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.10.002 ↗
31. Production of plywood panels from Pinus taeda using veneers of different densities and phenol-formaldehyde resin with high and low molecular weights10.1590/S0104-77602013000200016 ↗
32. Lengowski, E.C., Bonfatti, E.A., Dallo, R., Nisgoski, S., de Mattos, J.L.M., and Prata, J.G. (2020). Nanocellulose-reinforced phenol-formaldehyde resin for plywood panel production. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol., 23.10.4067/S0718-221X2021000100405 ↗
33. Effect of pH and buffering capacity of wood on the gelation time of urea-formaldehyde resin
34. The ability of wood to buffer highly acidic and alkaline adhesives
35. (2004). Plywood—Bonding Quality—Part 1: Test Methods (Standard No. EN 314-1:2004).
36. (1993). Plywood—Bonding Quality—Part 2: Requirements (Standard No. EN 314-2:1993).
37. (2017). Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (Standard No. ASTM D790-17).
38. Biomimetic water-in-oil water/pMDI emulsion as an excellent ecofriendly adhesive for bonding wood-based composites10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122722 ↗
39. Spectroscopic Analysis of the Interface for Wheat Straw Specimen Glued with PMDI
40. Influence of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.108 ↗
41. Thermal and mechanical properties of compression-molded pMDI-reinforced PCL/gluten composites10.1002/app.32260 ↗
42. Thermal stability of biodegradable films based on soy protein and corn starch10.1002/masy.200551132 ↗
43. Polyurethane films prepared with isophorone diisocyanate functionalized wheat starch10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110826 ↗
44. High-amylose starch-based gel as green adhesive for plywood: Adhesive property, water-resistance, and flame-retardancy10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122247 ↗
45. Novel Biobased Polyester Resins for Wood Applications: Morphological, Thermal, and Chemical Characterization10.1002/masy.202100229 ↗
46. Thermal behavior and pyrolysis kinetics of olive stone residue10.1007/s10973-021-11163-w ↗
47. Comparison of the thermal degradation of natural, alkali-treated and silane-treated hemp fibers under air and an inert atmosphere10.1002/app.29412 ↗