Aerodynamic Analysis of Hovering Flapping Wing Using Multi-Plane Method and Quasi-Steady Blade Element Theory

In the design of flapping-wing micro-size air vehicles capable of hovering, wings serve as the primary source of hovering power, making the analysis of aerodynamics and aerodynamic efficiency crucial. Traditional quasi-steady models treat the wings as single rigid plane, neglecting the deformable characteristics of flexible wings. This paper proposes a multi-plane method that, in conjunction with various design parameters of flexible wings in a two-dimensional plane, analyzes their deformation characteristics under the assumption of multiple planes in three-dimensional space, and describes the deformation of wings during flapping. By combining the quasi-steady aerodynamic model, aerodynamic analysis of the deformed wings can be conducted. The relationship between the slack angle, wing flapping position, and wing deformation are analyzed, along with their effects on aerodynamics and aerodynamic efficiency. Experiments validate the deformation patterns of wings during flapping and compare the simulated aerodynamic forces with measured ones. The results indicate that wing deformation can be accurately described by adjusting the parameters in the multi-plane method and that the aerodynamic analysis using this method closely approximates the average lift results. Additionally, the multi-plane method establishes a connection between wing morphology and aerodynamic forces and efficiency, providing valuable insights for aerodynamic analysis.