Comparison of Different Configurations for Shoreline Pond Electrode Station for HVDC Transmission Systems—Part I: Electric Field Study for Frames of Linear Electrode Arrangement Based on a Simplified Analytical Model
Source abstract
Abstract
During the design of a shoreline electrode station for High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) interconnections, the location of the electrodes plays a critical part, especially in the development of the near-electric field. The basic structure is their linear placement, in the form of successive frames, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater, as proposed by CIGRE and implemented in existing projects. However, this arrangement requires a considerable breakwater length, which may not be permissible, as in the case of Stachtoroi, one of the two electrode stations being built for the 1 GW, ±500 kV HVDC interconnection between Crete and mainland Greece. This troubled the preliminary study team of the electrode stations, which investigated other possible configurations. In this paper, configurations of linear placements of electrode frames are studied and compared at the preliminary study level in terms of electric field effects (especially the near-field), using an analytical simplified model and the superposition method, to determine the most appropriate arrangement of electrodes that will cover the respective requirements of CIGRE directives B4.61/2017. These arrangements are practically evaluated for two different electrode station locations at Korakia in Crete and at Stachtoroi in Aegina for the Crete–mainland-Greece interconnection, resulting in interesting alternative solutions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: HVDC Systems and Fault Protection · Islanding Detection in Power Systems · High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 250 Thivon Str., 12241 Athens, Greece
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece
School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece
Hellenic Indepedent Power Transmission Operator, Dyrrachiou 89 & Kifissou, 10443 Athens, Greece
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, Akrotiri, 73100 Chania, Greece
Funding
IPTO
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. CIGRE Working Group B4.61 (2017). General Guidelines for HVDC Electrode Design, CIGRE. [1st ed.].
2. Tsekouras, G.J., Kontargyri, V.T., Prousalidis, J.M., Kanellos, F.D., Tsirekis, C.D., Leontaritis, K., Alexandris, J.C., Deligianni, P.M., Kontaxis, P.A., and Moronis, A.X. (2022). Alternative Simplified Analytical Models for the Electric Field, in Shoreline Pond Electrode Preliminary Design, in the Case of HVDC Transmission Systems. Energies, 15.10.3390/en15176493 ↗
3. Independent Power Transmission Generator S.A. (2018). Technical Description for Shoreline Electrodes for HVDC Link Attica-Creta, Independent Power Transmission Generator S.A.. [3rd ed.].
4. A cost comparison of metallic and earth return path for HVDC transmission System case study: Connection Algeria-Europe10.1016/j.epsr.2019.02.004 ↗
5. Hatch-Statnett (2008). Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro-Lower Churchill Project-DC1110 Electrode Review-Gull Island & Soldiers Pond, Hatch-Statnett. [1st ed.]. Muskrat Falls Project-CE-09 Rev.1.
6. Hatch (2010). Nalcor Energy-Lower Churchill Project-DC1250 Electrode Review Types and Locations, Hatch. [1st ed.]. Muskrat Falls Project-CE-11.
7. Hatch (2010). Nalcor Energy-Lower Churchill Project-DC1500 Electrode Review Confirmation of Types and Site Locations, Hatch. [1.1st ed.]. Muskrat Falls Project-CE-12 Rev.1.
8. Girdinio, P., Molfino, P., Nervi, M., Rossi, M., Bertani, A., and Malgarotti, S. (2012, January 17–21). Technical and compatibility issues in the design of HVDC sea electrodes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC EUROPE, Rome, Italy.10.1109/EMCEurope.2012.6396841 ↗
9. Review of global HVDC subsea cable projects and the application of sea electrodes10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.11.009 ↗
10. Sutton, S.J., Swingler, S.J., and Lewin, P.L. (2016). HVDC Subsea Cable Electrical Return Path Schemes: Use of Sea Electrodes and Analysis of Environmental Impact, HubNet. [1st ed.].
11. Concept Design and Development of a Module for the Construction of Reversible HVDC Submarine Deep-Water Sea Electrodes10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2555882 ↗
12. Modeling and Assessment of Short-Term Electromagnetic Interference on a Railway System from Pole-to-Ground Faults on VSC-HVDC Cable Networks with Sea Electrodes10.1109/TIA.2020.3032937 ↗
13. Interference Activity on Pipeline Systems From VSC-Based HVDC Cable Networks with Earth/Sea Return: An Insightful Review10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3011128 ↗
14. Complete Method to Access the DC Corrosion Impact on Pipeline Systems During the Planning and Approval Stages of HVDC Systems with Earth Current Return10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3226940 ↗
15. EPRI (2010). HVDC Ground Electrode Overview, EPRI. [1st].
16. Numerical techniques for the analysis of HVDC sea electrodes10.1109/TIA.2015.2430844 ↗
17. Steel reinforced concrete electrodes for HVDC submarine cables10.1016/j.epsr.2018.05.010 ↗
18. Marzinotto, M., Molfino, P., and Nervi, M. (2020, January 23–25). On the Measurement of Fields produced by Sea Return Electrodes for HVDC Transmission. Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility-EMC EUROPE, Virtual.10.1109/EMCEUROPE48519.2020.9245664 ↗
19. An effective semianalytical method for simulating grounding grids10.1109/TIA.2012.2229688 ↗
20. Analysis of grounding systems in soils with finite volumes of different resistivities10.1109/61.997944 ↗
21. Analysis of grounding systems in the vicinity of hemi-spheroidal heterogeneities10.1109/TIA.2015.2468685 ↗
22. Brignone, M., Karimi Qombovani, A., Molfino, P., and Nervi, M. (2016, January 20–24). An algorithm for the semianalytical computation of fields emitted in layered ground by HVDC electrodes. Proceedings of the 19th Edition of the Power Systems Computation Conference-PSCC 2016, Genova, Italy.10.1109/PSCC.2016.7540846 ↗
23. Adjustment of the Geoelectric Model for a Ground Electrode Design-the case of the Rio Madeira HVDC Transmission System, Brazil
24. Electrical and electromagnetic investigations for HVDC ground electrode site in India10.1016/j.pce.2011.01.009 ↗
25. Thunehed, H., and GeoVista, A.B. (2017). Compilation and Evaluation Earth Current Measurements in the Forsmark Area, Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB. [1.1st ed.].
26. Liu, Q., Li, L., Zheng, J., and Guan, Z. (2007, January 24–28). Research on Potential Distributions of Soil Surface Caused by Ground Electrode of HVDC System in Heterogeneous Soil Structure. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA.10.1109/PES.2007.385516 ↗
27. IEC (2013). Design of Earth Electrode Stations for High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Links-General Guidelines, IEC. [1st]. IEC 62344:2013.
28. Rusck, S. (1962). HVDC power transmission: Problems relating to earth return. Direct Curr., 290–300.
29. Kimbark, E.W. (1971). Direct Current Transmission, Wiley Interscience. [1st ed.].
30. Soil surface potentials induced by Itaipu HVDC ground return current. I. Theoretical evaluation10.1109/61.193904 ↗
31. Ground/sea return with electrode systems for HVDC transmission10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.011 ↗
32. Uhlmann, E. (1975). Power Transmission by Direct Current, Springer. [1st ed.].10.1007/978-3-642-66072-6 ↗
33. Datasheet ANOTEC (2018). High Silicon Iron Tubular Anodes Centertec Z-Series, ANOTEC. bulletin 04-14/06.02.28.
34. CIGRE Working Group B1.10 (2009). Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine Cable Systems, CIGRE. [1st ed.].
35. Freire, P.E., Fihlo, J.N., Nicola, G.L., Borin, P.O., Perfeito, M.D., Bartelotti, M., Estrella, M., and Pereira, S.Y. (2015, January 22–24). Electrical interference of the Bipole I Ground Electrode from Rio Madeira HVDC Transmission System on the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline-Preliminary calculations and field measurements. Proceedings of the 19th Edition of the Power Systems Computation Conference-PSCC 2016, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.