Phenolic Acid Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Romanian Wild-Grown Acer spp. (Sapindaceae)
Source abstract
Abstract
This study investigated, for the first time, the phenolic acid profile along with the in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of leaves and fruits from five Romanian wild-grown Acer spp. (Sapindaceae): A. campestre L., A. monspessulanum L., A. platanoides L., A. pseudoplatanus L., and A. tataricum L. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry (HPLC/UV/MS) was employed to identify and quantify key phenolic acids, including gallic, caffeic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acids. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 61.48 ± 3.76 to 512.8 ± 20.54 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL. Antioxidant activities, assessed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging capacities for A. tataricum fruits, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 10.88 ± 3.39 µg/mL and 10.39 ± 2.86 µg/mL, respectively. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay revealed the highest reducing power for A. tataricum fruits (1158 ± 48.98 µmol Fe2+/L) and leaves (1119 ± 164.6 µmol Fe2+/L). AChE inhibition was only found in A. tataricum, with an IC50 of 7.91 ± 7.50 mg/mL for leaves and 15.95 ± 8.52 mg/mL for fruits. These results highlight A. tataricum as a promising source of natural antioxidants and neuroprotective agents.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds · Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
Institute for Advanced Environmental Research, West University of Timişoara (ICAM–WUT), 4 Oituz Street, 300086 Timişoara, Romania
Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
References (57)
Show source-provided references
1. Săvulescu, T., and Nyarady, E.I. (1958). Flora R.P.R., Romanian Academy Publishing House. [1st ed.]. (In Romanian).
2. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., and Webb, D.A. (1968). Flora Europaea. Vol. 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].
3. Ciocârlan, V. (2009). Flora ilustrată a României. Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta, Ceres Publishing House. [3rd ed.]. (In Romanian).
4. Sârbu, I., Ştefan, N., and Oprea, A. (2013). Plante vasculare din România. Determinator ilustrat de teren, Victor B Victor Publishing House. [1st ed.]. (In Romanian).
5. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Acer (maple): A review10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.021 ↗
6. Acer truncatum Bunge: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology10.1016/j.jep.2021.114572 ↗
7. Pharmacognostical Studies on Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre10.21448/ijsm.711952 ↗
8. Sun, Y., Yu, R., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Gong, Z., and Qu, T. (2024). Metabolomics Combined with Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals the Regulation of Flavonoids in the Leaf Color Change of Acer truncatum Bunge. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.10.3390/ijms252413325 ↗
9. Flavonoids of the Genus of Acer: A Mini Review10.14233/ajchem.2013.14643 ↗
10. Chang, B.Y., Jung, Y.S., Yoon, C.-S., Oh, J.S., Hong, J.H., Kim, Y.-C., and Kim, S.Y. (2017). Fraxin Prevents Chemically Induced Hepatotoxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Molecules, 22.10.3390/molecules22040587 ↗
11. Polyphenol contents and radical scavenging capacities of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) extracts10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.003 ↗
12. García-Pérez, M.-E., Kasangana, P.-B., and Stevanovic, T. (2023). Bioactive Molecules from Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana Forest Resources. Molecules, 28.10.3390/molecules28052045 ↗
13. Suitability of DPPH spiking for antioxidant screening in natural products: The example of galloyl derivatives from red maple bark extract10.1007/s00216-017-0465-9 ↗
14. A New Neolignan Glycoside from the Leaves of Acer truncatum10.3390/11121009 ↗
15. Chemical composition analysis of seed oil from the three wild Tunisian provenances of Acer monspessulanum L.
16. A Comparative Physico-chemical Analysis of Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus Seed Oils
17. Le, X., Zhang, W., Sun, G., Fan, J., and Zhu, M. (2023). Research on the Differences in Phenotypic Traits and Nutritional Composition of Acer truncatum Bunge Seeds from Various Regions. Foods, 12.10.2139/ssrn.4371956 ↗
18. Qi, Y., Huang, Y., Dong, Y., Zhang, W., Xia, F., Bai, H., Stevanovic, Z.D., Li, H., and Shi, L. (2023). Effective Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Oil, a New Woody Oil Food Resource, by Rosemary Extract. Antioxidants, 12.10.3390/antiox12040889 ↗
19. Chang, P., Ma, J., Xin, H., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Hong, X., Zhang, B., and Li, L. (2022). Comparative Study of the Fatty Acid Composition of the Acer truncatum Bunge from Different Producing Areas. Forests, 13.10.3390/f13091409 ↗
20. Glucitol-Core Containing Gallotannins-Enriched Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Leaves Extract Alleviated Obesity via Modulating Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice10.1016/j.jff.2020.103970 ↗
21. Kausar, F., Farooqi, M.-A., Farooqi, H.-M.-U., Salih, A.-R.-C., Khalil, A.-A.-K., Kang, C.-w., Mahmoud, M.H., Batiha, G.-E.-S., Choi, K.-h., and Mumtaz, A.-S. (2021). Phytochemical Investigation, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Acer cappadocicum Gled. Life, 11.10.3390/life11070656 ↗
22. Nutrients, Antioxidant Capacity and Safety of Hot Water Extract from Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum M.) and Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) Bark10.1007/s11130-018-0656-3 ↗
23. Meda, N.R., Poubelle, P.E., and Stevanovic, T. (2017). Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Constituents and Toxicity of Hot Water Extract from Red Maple Buds. Chem. Biodivers., 14.10.1002/cbdv.201700028 ↗
24. Yim, N.-H., Park, E., Cho, W.-K., Kim, Y.-H., and Ma, J.Y. (2022). Therapeutic Effects of Acer palmatum Thumb. Leaf Extract (KIOM-2015E) on Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Dry Eye in a Mouse Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.10.3390/ijms232314964 ↗
25. Anhydroglucitol-core gallotannins from red maple buds modulate viability of human blood neutrophils10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.010 ↗
26. Kim, Y.-H., Oh, T.W., Park, E., Yim, N.-H., Park, K.I., Cho, W.K., and Ma, J.Y. (2018). Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Acer palmatum Thumb. Extract, KIOM-2015EW, in a Hyperosmolar-Stress-Induced In Vitro Dry Eye Model. Nutrients, 10.10.3390/nu10030282 ↗
27. Acerogenin A from Acer nikoense Maxim Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Cell Death through Nrf2-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cell Line10.3390/molecules200712545 ↗
28. Kim, J.H., Lee, S., and Cho, E.J. (2020). The Protective Effects of Acer okamotoanum and Isoquercitrin on Obesity and Amyloidosis in a Mouse Model. Nutrients, 12.10.3390/nu12051353 ↗
29. Son, S.-Y., Choi, J.-H., Kim, E.-B., Yin, J., Seonu, S.-Y., Jin, S.-Y., Oh, J.-Y., and Lee, M.-W. (2023). Chemopreventive Activity of Ellagitannins from Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Komarov Leaves on Prostate Cancer Cells. Plants, 12.10.3390/plants12051047 ↗
30. Farooqi, H.M.U., Sammantasinghar, A., Kausar, F., Farooqi, M.A., Chethikkattuveli Salih, A.R., Hyun, K., Lim, J.-H., Khalil, A.A.K., Mumtaz, A.S., and Choi, K.H. (2022). Study of the Anticancer Potential of Plant Extracts Using Liver Tumor Microphysiological System. Life, 12.10.3390/life12020135 ↗
31. Effects of Maple (Acer) Plant Part Extracts on Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest of Human Tumorigenic and Non-Tumorigenic Colon Cells10.1002/ptr.3677 ↗
32. Nguyen, Q.N., Lee, S.R., Kim, B., Hong, J.-H., Jang, Y.S., Lee, D.E., Pang, C., Kang, K.S., and Kim, K.H. (2022). Estrogenic Activity of 4-Hydroxy-Benzoic Acid from Acer tegmentosum via Estrogen Receptor α-Dependent Signaling Pathways. Plants, 11.10.3390/plants11233387 ↗
33. Lee, S.R., Park, Y.J., Han, Y.B., Lee, J.C., Lee, S., Park, H.-J., Lee, H.-J., and Kim, K.H. (2018). Isoamericanoic Acid B from Acer tegmentosum as a Potential Phytoestrogen. Nutrients, 10.10.3390/nu10121915 ↗
34. Water Extract of Acer tegmentosum Reduces Bone Destruction by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation and Function10.3390/molecules19043940 ↗
35. Phong, N.V., Min, B.S., Yang, S.Y., and Kim, J.A. (2022). Inhibitory Effect of Coumarins and Isocoumarins Isolated from the Stems and Branches of Acer mono Maxim. against Escherichia coli β-Glucuronidase. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app122010685 ↗
36. Zhang, X.-Y., Liu, Y.-H., Liu, D.-Z., Xu, J.-Y., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Insulin-Mimic Components in Acer truncatum Leaves: Bio-Guided Isolation, Annual Variance Profiling and Regulating Pathway Investigated by Omics. Pharmaceuticals, 14.10.3390/ph14070662 ↗
37. Liang, Y., Kong, F., Ma, X., and Shu, Q. (2022). Inhibitory Effect of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Coat Extract on Fatty Acid Synthase, Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Molecules, 27.10.3390/molecules27041324 ↗
38. Cho, H.-H., Lee, S.-J., Kim, S.-H., Jang, S.-H., Won, C., Kim, H.-D., Kim, T.H., and Cho, J.-H. (2020). Acer tegmentosum Maxim Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3t3-l1 Adipocytes and Attenuates Lipid Accumulation in Obese Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 12.10.3390/nu12123753 ↗
39. Kim, J.H., Lee, S., and Cho, E.J. (2020). Flavonoids from Acer okamotoanum Inhibit Adipocyte Differentiation and Promote Lipolysis in the 3T3-L1 Cells. Molecules, 25.10.3390/molecules25081920 ↗
40. Cosmetic applications of glucitol-core containing gallotannins from a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves extract: Inhibition of melanogenesis via down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expression in B16F10 melanoma cells10.1007/s00403-017-1728-1 ↗
41. Li, H., Roy, T., Boateng, S.T., He, H., Liu, C., Liu, W., Li, D., Wu, P., Seeram, N.P., and Chamcheu, J.C. (2022). Standardized Pomegranate (Pomella®) and Red Maple (Maplifa®) Extracts and Their Phenolics Protect Type I Collagen by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Collagenase, and Collagen Cross-Linking. Molecules, 27.10.3390/molecules27227919 ↗
42. Jin, Y.-J., Ji, Y., Jang, Y.-P., and Choung, S.-Y. (2021). Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala Inhibits Skin Photoaging via Regulating MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB, and TGFβ/Smad Signaling in UVB-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Molecules, 26.10.3390/molecules26030662 ↗
43. Protective Effects of a Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Leaves Extract on Human Keratinocytes against H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.656.33 ↗
44. Acer truncatum leaves extract modulates gut microbiota, improves antioxidant capacity, and alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in broilers10.1016/j.psj.2023.102951 ↗
45. Chen, X., Song, Y., Song, W., Han, J., Cao, H., Xu, X., Li, S., Fu, Y., Ding, C., and Lin, F. (2023). Multi-omics reveal neuroprotection of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed extract on hypoxic-ischemia encephalopathy rats under high-altitude. Commun. Biol., 6.10.1038/s42003-023-05341-9 ↗
46. Lipidomics reveal the cognitive improvement effects of Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy rats10.1039/D3FO01583A ↗
47. Cognitive improvement effect of nervonic acid and essential fatty acids on rats ingesting Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil revealed by lipidomics approach10.1039/D1FO03671H ↗
48. Mohsenpour, H., Pesce, M., Patruno, A., Bahrami, A., Pour, P.M., and Farzaei, M.H. (2021). A Review of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in the Prevention/Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.10.3390/ijms22020833 ↗
49. Ku-jin tea (Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala or A. tataricum subsp. theiferum), an underestimated functional beverage rich in antioxidant phenolics10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.002 ↗
50. El-Khatib, A.H., Engel, A.M., and Weigel, S. (2022). Co-Occurrence of Hypoglycin A and Hypoglycin B in Sycamore and Box Elder Maple Proved by LC-MS/MS and LC-HR-MS. Toxins, 14.10.3390/toxins14090608 ↗
51. Renaud, B., Kruse, C.-J., François, A.-C., Grund, L., Bunert, C., Brisson, L., Boemer, F., Gault, G., Ghislain, B., and Petitjean, T. (2022). Acer pseudoplatanus: A Potential Risk of Poisoning for Several Herbivore Species. Toxins, 14.10.3390/toxins14080512 ↗
52. Kamiński, P., Gruba, M., Fekner, Z., Tyśkiewicz, K., and Kobus, Z. (2023). The Influence of Water Extraction Parameters in Subcritical Conditions and the Shape of the Reactor on the Quality of Extracts Obtained from Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.). Processes, 11.10.3390/pr11123395 ↗
53. Zhang, M., Choe, J., Bu, T., Liu, S., and Kim, S. (2023). Comparison of Antioxidant Properties and Metabolite Profiling of Acer pseudoplatanus Leaves of Different Colors. Antioxidants, 12.10.3390/antiox12010065 ↗
54. Kim, I., Ha, J.-H., and Jeong, Y. (2021). Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Antioxidant Activity of Acer tegmentosum Using Response Surface Methodology. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11031134 ↗
55. Comparative evaluation of phenolics content and antioxidant activity of leaves and branches of field maple (Acer campestre) from two populations of Northeastern Algeria
56. Yang, L., Yin, P., Fan, H., Xue, Q., Li, K., Li, X., Sun, L., and Liu, Y. (2017). Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Acer truncatum Leaves for Maximal Phenolic Yield and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules, 22.10.3390/molecules22020232 ↗
57. Meng, R., Ou, K., Chen, L., Jiao, Y., Jiang, F., and Gu, R. (2023). Response Surface Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the Active Components with High Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity and Identification of Key Metabolites from Acer truncatum Seed Oil Residue. Foods, 12.10.3390/foods12091751 ↗