journal article·2022-12-01Open access

Advances in selective laser sintering of polymers

Wei Han, Lingbao Kong, Min Xu

Abstract

Abstract Polymers are widely used materials in aerospace, automotive, construction, medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Polymers are being promoted rapidly due to their ease of manufacturing and improved material properties. Research on polymer processing technology should be paid more attention to due to the increasing demand for polymer applications. Selective laser sintering (SLS) uses a laser to sinter powdered materials (typical polyamide), and it is one of the critical additive manufacturing (AM) techniques of polymer. It irradiates the laser beam on the defined areas by a computer-aided design three-dimensional (3D) model to bind the material together to create a designed 3D solid structure. SLS has many advantages, such as no support structures and excellent mechanical properties resembling injection moulded parts compared with other AM methods. However, the ability of SLS to process polymers is still affected by some defects, such as the porous structure and limited available types of SLS polymers. Therefore, this article reviews the current state-of-the-art SLS of polymers, including the fundamental principles in this technique, the SLS developments of typical polymers, and the essential process parameters in SLS. Furthermore, the applications of SLS are focused, and the conclusions and perspectives are discussed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Manufacturing Process and Optimization

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Encyclopedia of toxicology10.1093/jat/bku065 ↗
2. Young · 2011
3. Processing and properties of glass bead particulate-filled functionally graded nylon-11 composites produced by selective laser sintering10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.112 ↗
4. 2012
5. 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: a review and prospective10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034 ↗
6. Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63240-5 ↗
7. Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60206-6 ↗
8. Deckard · 1988
9. Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering
10. Additive manufacturing technologies—from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing10.2493/jjspe.76.1340 ↗
11. Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering10.1108/01445150310698652 ↗
12. Material incress manufacturing by rapid prototyping techniques10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61136-6 ↗
13. Design optimization of supports for overhanging structures in aluminum and titanium alloys by selective laser melting10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.043 ↗
14. Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting10.1108/13552540510573365 ↗
15. Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.004 ↗
16. van der Schueren · 1998
17. Effects of laser scanning strategies on selective laser melting of pure tungsten10.1088/2631-7990/ab7b00 ↗
18. The production of aluminium SLS prototypes via infiltration
19. An experimental study and model assessment of polymer sintering10.1002/pen.10617 ↗
20. Model of the selective laser sintering of bisphenol-A polycarbonate10.1021/ie00022a014 ↗
21. A targeted material selection process for polymers in laser sintering10.1016/j.addma.2014.09.003 ↗
22. Properties and structure of polymers10.1149/1.2427514 ↗
23. Sinterable semi-crystalline powder and near-fully dense article formed therewith
24. Material properties and fabrication parameters in selective laser sintering process10.1108/13552549710191836 ↗
25. Influence of the particle size distribution on surface quality and mechanical properties in AM steel parts10.1108/13552541111124770 ↗
26. Dependence of mechanical properties of polyamide components on build parameters in the SLS process10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.007 ↗
27. Microstructural origin of physical and mechanical properties of polyamide 12 processed by laser sintering10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.007 ↗
28. Effects of energy density on morphology and properties of selective laser sintered polycarbonate10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00007-2 ↗
29. Determining the parameter settings and capability of a rapid prototyping process
30. Statistical evaluation of laser energy density effect on mechanical properties of polyamide parts manufactured by selective laser sintering10.1002/app.30329 ↗
31. Monitoring the effects of selective laser sintering (SLS) build parameters on polyamide using near infrared spectroscopy10.1002/app.33898 ↗
32. Study on the relationship between particle size and near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopic data10.1002/ppsc.200500870 ↗
33. Advances in modeling the effects of selected parameters on the SLS process10.1108/13552549810210257 ↗
34. Influence of process parameters on part shrinkage in SLS10.1007/s00170-006-0490-x ↗
35. Selective laser sintering of hydroxyapatite/poly-ϵ-caprolactone scaffolds10.1016/j.actbio.2009.07.018 ↗
36. A thermal model of polymer degradation during selective laser sintering of polymer coated ceramic powders10.1108/13552549610129764 ↗
37. Towards atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing10.1088/2631-7990/ab0dfc ↗
38. Selective laser sintering of polymer-coated silicon carbide powders10.1021/ie00044a017 ↗
39. Direct selective laser sintering of reaction bonded silicon carbide
40. Defect inspection technologies for additive manufacturing10.1088/2631-7990/abe0d0 ↗
41. Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.04.001 ↗
42. Additive manufacturing: polymers applicable for laser sintering (LS)10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.692 ↗
43. Selective laser sintering in biomedical engineering10.1007/s11517-012-1001-x ↗
44. A method for measuring powder bed density in binder jet additive manufacturing process and the powder feedstock characteristics influencing the powder bed density
45. Polymer powders for selective laser sintering—production and characterization
46. Characterizing the bulk & flow behaviour of LS polymer powders
47. Size, shape and flow of powders for use in selective laser sintering (SLS)10.1201/b15961-11 ↗
48. Development of a characterization approach for the sintering behavior of new thermoplastics for selective laser sintering10.1016/j.phpro.2010.08.081 ↗
49. Effect of the properties of the polymer materials on the quality of selective laser sintering parts10.1177/146442070421800308 ↗
50. Characterization of powder flow: static and dynamic testing10.1016/j.powtec.2009.05.001 ↗
51. Flowability of powders for selective laser sintering (SLS) investigated by round robin test10.1201/b15961-19 ↗
52. Hiemenz · 2007
53. Effect of powder compaction in plastic laser sintering fabrication
54. Morphology and properties of selective laser sintered bisphenol a polycarbonate10.1021/ie0206352 ↗
55. Investigation into the differences in the selective laser sintering between amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers10.3139/217.2452 ↗
56. Selective laser sintering of alumina with polymer binders10.1108/13552549510086844 ↗
57. Characterization of selective laser sinteringTM materials to determine process stability
58. Effects of processing on microstructure and properties of SLS nylon 1210.1016/j.msea.2006.07.084 ↗
59. An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro-to micro-scales10.1088/2631-7990/abce04 ↗
60. Effect of PA12 powder reuse on coalescence behaviour and microstructure of SLS parts10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.014 ↗
61. Deterioration of polyamide powder properties in the laser sintering process10.1243/09544062JMES839 ↗
62. Degradation behavior and material properties of PA12-plastic powders processed by powder based additive manufacturing technologies
63. Modelling of the aging behavior of polyamide 12 powder during laser melting process10.1063/1.4918514 ↗
64. Influence of degradation behavior of polyamide 12 powders in laser sintering process on produced parts10.1063/1.4873873 ↗
65. Review spherulites: a personal perspective10.1023/A:1017974016928 ↗
66. Recycling of PA12 powder for selective laser sintering10.1063/5.0029945 ↗
67. Closed-loop recycling of polyamide12 powder from selective laser sintering into sustainable composites10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.235 ↗
68. Electrophotographic powder deposition for freeform fabrication
69. Electrophotographic printing of part and binder powders10.1108/13552540410512480 ↗
70. Investigation of an electrophotography based rapid prototyping technology10.1108/13552540310467095 ↗
71. Experimental and numerical study on the flow of fine powders from small-scale hoppers applied to SLS multi-material deposition-part I
72. Direct‐write deposition of fine powders through miniature hopper‐nozzles for multi‐material solid freeform fabrication10.1108/13552540410512499 ↗
73. Comparative study on 3D printing of polyamide 12 by selective laser sintering and multi jet fusion10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116882 ↗
74. Comparison between the properties of polyamide 12 and glass bead filled polyamide 12 using the multi jet fusion printing process10.1016/j.addma.2019.100961 ↗
75. SIS—a new SFF method based on powder sintering10.1108/13552540310455638 ↗
76. An experimental study of surface quality and dimensional accuracy for selective inhibition of sintering10.1108/13552540410539003 ↗
77. Advancements in the selective inhibition sintering process development10.1080/17452750500289910 ↗
78. Novel high-speed 3D printing method using selective oil sintering with thermoplastic polyurethane powder printing10.18063/ijb.v8i2.521 ↗
79. Mittal · 2015
80. Dowling · 2012
81. Laser metal deposition of refractory high-entropy alloys for high-throughput synthesis and structure-property characterization10.1088/2631-7990/abcca8 ↗
82. On the visco-elasto-plastic response of additively manufactured polyamide-12 (PA-12) through selective laser sintering10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.11.032 ↗
83. Quantifying the degree of particle melt in selective laser sintering®10.1016/j.cirp.2009.03.001 ↗
84. The effect of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of polyethylene produced by selective laser sintering10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.04.004 ↗
85. Selective laser sintering of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for clinical applications10.1002/1097-4636(2000)53:4<414::AID-JBM16>3.0.CO;2-M ↗
86. Surface modification of polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering for cartilage tissue engineering10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.029 ↗
87. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.057 ↗
88. Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone–hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00131-5 ↗
89. Selective laser sintering of PEEK10.1016/j.cirp.2007.05.097 ↗
90. Use of a nylon-12 for selective laser sintering
91. Characterization of polyamide powders for determination of laser sintering processability10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.12.014 ↗
92. High cycle fatigue properties of selective laser sintered parts in polyamide 1210.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.060 ↗
93. Microstructural characterization of SLS-PA12 specimens under dynamic tension/compression excitation10.1016/j.polymertesting.2009.12.006 ↗
94. Study of the selective laser sintering of polycarbonate and postprocess for parts reinforcement10.1243/14644207JMDA65 ↗
95. Movement of powder bed material during the selective laser sintering of bisphenol‐A polycarbonate10.1108/13552540510612884 ↗
96. Melting and densification of thermoplastic powders10.1002/pen.10718 ↗
97. Selective laser sintering of polystyrene: a single-layer approach10.1080/14658011.2017.1399532 ↗
98. Processing and characterization of a carbon black-filled electrically conductive nylon-12 nanocomposite produced by selective laser sintering10.1016/j.msea.2009.12.028 ↗
99. Absorptance of powder materials suitable for laser sintering10.1108/13552540010337029 ↗
100. Selective laser sintering of polystyrene: preserving mechanical properties without post-processing10.1007/s11665-021-05606-6 ↗