High-Performance and Durable Green Geopolymer Based on Slag/Alumina Sludge Ash Incorporating CuFe₂O₄ Spinel Nanograins for Enhanced Gamma Radiation Shielding
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This research aims to assess the effectiveness of incorporating thermally treated alumina sludge ash (ASA) as a partial replacement for slag-based geopolymer (SG-Geo) at various ratios (5%, 10%, and 20% by mass) and the integration of cost-efficient CuFe₂O₄ spinel nanograins (CF-NGs) at different addition levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight). The study focuses on enhancing the physico-mechanical features and durability of the geopolymer in aggressive environments, particularly against sulfate (SO₄2−) and chloride (Cl−) attacks. Key performance indicators include compressive capacity, and non-evaporable water content, to improve the ionizing radiation shielding properties of these eco-friendly geopolymer pastes to advance sustainability objectives. The fabricated samples were tested at 0.662 MeV, 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV photon energies as radiation shielding material to achieve sustainability goals. Gamma attenuation parameters (MAC, LAC, MFP, HVL and TVL) were determined experimentally and calculated theoretically using Phy-X/PSD software. The findings indicate that both theoretical and experimental results are consistent, with the radiation protection efficiency improving as ASA content increased up to 20%. The addition of 1.5% CF-NG notably enhanced the compressive strength at 28 days, as well as the gamma attenuation efficiency. Among the various SG-ASA hardened nanocomposites, Mix PS3CF1.5 exhibited superior physical and mechanical properties, along with the most effective gamma radiation shielding performance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis · Nuclear materials and radiation effects · Concrete and Cement Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (65)
Show source-provided references
1. Abd El-Gawad, W. M., Mossalam, E. A., & Selim, M. M. (2023). Facile preparation of anticorrosive and decorative multifunctional coatings via the inclusion of pearlescent oxide-covered mica pigments. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 20, 603–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00693-z10.1007/s11998-022-00693-z ↗
2. Abd Elwahab, N. R., Helal, N., Mohamed, T., Shahin, F., & Ali, F. M. (2019). New shielding composite paste for mixed fields of fast neutrons and gamma rays. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 233, 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.05.05910.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.05.059 ↗
3. Abdollahnejad, Z., Dalvand, A., Mastali, M., Luukkonen, T., & Illikainen, M. (2019). Effects of waste ground glass and lime on the crystallinity and strength of geopolymers. Magazine of Concrete Research, 71(23), 1218–1231. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.18.0030010.1680/jmacr.18.00300 ↗
4. Abo-El-Enein, S. A., El-Gamal, S. M. A., Aiad, I. A., Azab, M. M., & Mohamed, O. A. (2018). Early hydration characteristics of oil well cement pastes admixed with newly prepared organic admixture. HBRC Journal, 14(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.09.00110.1016/j.hbrcj.2016.09.001 ↗
5. Ahmed, H. U., Mohammed, A. A., & Mohammed, A. S. (2022). Soft computing models to predict the compressive strength of GGBS/FA-geopolymer concrete. PLoS ONE, 17(5), Article e0265846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.026584610.1371/journal.pone.0265846 ↗
6. Algamal, Y., Khalil, N. M., & Mohammed, M. M. (2019). Statistical design of Portland cement modified with water treatment plant sludge. IJEAT. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F8275.10911910.35940/ijeat.F8275.109119 ↗
7. Al-Sughayer, R., Alkhateb, H., Yasarer, H., Najjar, Y., & Al-Ostaz, A. (2024). Evaluation and prediction of slag-based geopolymer’s compressive strength using design of experiment (DOE) approach and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms. Construction and Building Materials, 440, Article 137322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13732210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137322 ↗
8. Bouchikhi, A., M-Pajany, Y., Maherzi, W., A-Mercier, C., El-Moueden, H., Benzerzour, M., Peys, A., & Abriak, N.-E. (2021). Use of residual waste glass in an alkali-activated binder – Structural characterization, environmental leaching behavior and comparison of reactivity. Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.10190310.1016/j.jobe.2020.101903 ↗
9. Bozkurt, A., & Sengul, A. (2021). Monte Carlo approach for calculation of mass energy absorption coefficients of some amino acids. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 53(9), 3044–3050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.04.00410.1016/j.net.2021.04.004 ↗
10. Burciaga-Díaz, O., Durón-Sifuentes, M., Díaz-Guillén, J. A., & Escalante-García, J. I. (2020). Effect of waste glass incorporation on the properties of geopolymers formulated with low purity metakaolin. Cement and Concrete Composites, 107, Article 103492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.10349210.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103492 ↗
11. Chatveera, B., Hengterm, P., Makul, N., & Sua-iam, G. (2024). Enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymers prepared by refractory brick dust: An investigation into optimal mix ratios and curing conditions. Journal of Building Engineering, 94, Article 110059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.11005910.1016/j.jobe.2024.110059 ↗
12. Chen, S., Duan, P., Zhao, M., Shi, H., & Bie, Y. (2024). Solidification mechanism and strength characteristics of alkali-activated tannery sludge-slag geopolymer. Buildings, 14(4), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings1404106010.3390/buildings14041060 ↗
13. Chinnappa Reddy, B., Vidya, Y. S., Manjunatha, H. C., Sridhar, K. N., Mahaboob Pasha, U., Seenappa, L., Sadashivamurthy, B., Dhananjaya, N., Sankarshan, B. M., Krishnaveni, S., Sathish, K. V., & Damodara Gupta, P. S. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of Barium ferrite nano-particles for X-ray/gamma radiation shielding and display applications. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 147, Article 104187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.10418710.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104187 ↗
14. Duan, S., Guo, H., Sun, H., Zhou, X., Lu, G., Guo, Y., & Ma, Z. (2024). Effect of synthesis conditions on mechanical properties and microstructure of coal gasification slag-based geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 443, Article 137736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13773610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137736 ↗
15. Duan, W., Zhuge, Y., Chow, C. W. K., Keegan, A., Liu, Y., & Siddique, R. (2022a). Mechanical performance and phase analysis of an eco-friendly alkali-activated binder made with sludge waste and blast-furnace slag. Journal of Cleaner Production, 374, Article 134024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13402410.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134024 ↗
16. Duan, W., Zhuge, Y., Pham, P. N., Liu, Y., & Kitipornchai, S. (2022b). A ternary blended binder incorporating alum sludge to efficiently resist alkali-silica reaction of recycled glass aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, Article 131415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13141510.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131415 ↗
17. Duan, W., Zhuge, Y., Pham, P. N., Liu, Y., & Kitipornchai, S. (2022c). A ternary blended binder incorporating alum sludge to efficiently resist alkali-silica reaction of recycled glass aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13141510.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131415 ↗
18. El-Sawy, A. A., Heikal, M., Ibrahim, S. M., & Mohamed, O. A. (2024). Experimental and theoretical study on the physico-mechanical characteristics and radiation shielding capability of hardened alumina sludge waste-cement pastes containing MnFe2O4-nanoparticles. Discover Applied Sciences, 6, 567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06245-x10.1007/s42452-024-06245-x ↗
19. Ferone, C., Capasso, I., Bonati, A., Roviello, G., Montagnaro, F., Santoro, L., Turco, R., & Cioffi, R. (2019). Sustainable management of water potabilization sludge by means of geopolymers production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.29910.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.299 ↗
20. Gharieb, M., Ramadan, W., & Abd El-Gawad, W. M. (2023). Outstanding effect of cost-saving heavy nano-ferrites on the physico-mechanical properties, morphology, and gamma radiation shielding of hardened cement pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 409, Article 134064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13406410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134064 ↗
21. Hafez, A. I., Ali, H. M., Sabry, R. M., El-Masry, H. M., Walaa, M., & El-Gawad, A. (2023). Generation of novel, hygienic, inhibitive, and cost-effective nanostructured Core-shell pigments. Progress in Organic Coatings, 175, Article 107325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.10732510.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107325 ↗
22. Hamed, E., & Demiröz, A. (2024). Optimization of geotechnical characteristics of clayey soils using fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 441, Article 137488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13748810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137488 ↗
23. Hardjito, D., Wallah, S. E., Sumajouw, D. M. J., & Rangan, B. V. (2004). Factors influencing the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Civil Engineering Dimension, 6(2), 88–93.
24. He, Z., Wang, B., Shi, J., Rong, H., Tao, H., Jamal, A. S., & Han, X. (2024). Recycling drinking water treatment sludge in construction and building materials: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 926, Article 171513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.17151310.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171513 ↗
25. Heikal, M., Ali, A. I., Ibrahim, B., & Toghan, A. (2020b). Electrochemical and physico-mechanical characterizations of fly ash-composite cement. Construction and Building Materials, 243, Article 118309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118309010.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.1183090 ↗
26. Heikal, M., Zaki, M. E. A., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2020a). Preparation, physico-mechanical characteristics and durability of eco-alkali-activated binder from blast-furnace slag, cement kiln-by-pass dust and microsilica ternary system. Construction and Building Materials, 260, Article 119947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.11994710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119947 ↗
27. Ibrahim, S. M., Heikal, M., Abdelwahab, N. R., & Mohamed, O. A. (2023a). Fabricated CeO2/ZrO2 nanocomposite to improve thermal resistance, mechanical characteristics, microstructure and gamma radiation shielding of OPC composite cement pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 392, Article 131971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13197110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131971 ↗
28. Ibrahim, S. M., Heikal, M., & Mohamed, O. A. (2023b). Performance of CeO2- nanoparticles on the mechanical and photocatalytic properties of composite cement. Journal of Building Engineering, 68, Article 106162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.10616210.1016/j.jobe.2023.106162 ↗
29. Jia, X., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Li, Y., Zou, H., & Xie, R. (2016). Cerium doped barium tantalates: Fabrication, characterization, and investigation of gamma radiation attenuation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 688, 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.18810.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.188 ↗
30. John, S. K., Nadir, Y., & Girija, K. (2021). Effect of source materials, additives on the mechanical properties and durability of fly ash and fly ash-slag geopolymer mortar: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 280(19), Article 122443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.12244310.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122443 ↗
31. Khater, H. M., & Gharieb, M. (2024). Enhancing physico-mechanical properties and thermal stability of geopolymer composites through nano-material incorporation. Discover Applied Sciences, 6, 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05863-910.1007/s42452-024-05863-9 ↗
32. Khoshkbijari, R. K., Farahmandfar, A., Zehni, N. Z., & Samimi, M. F. (2024). Properties of ground granulated blast-furnace slag-based geopolymer mortars containing glass powder, feldspar, and metakaolin under different curing conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 435, Article 136753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13675310.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136753 ↗
33. Li, W., Chen, Z., Qin, G., Lian, S., Yao, G., Lin, J., Luo, S., & Huang, P. (2024). Equivalent thickness method of CFRP in chloride ion diffusion equation for CFRP–strengthened RC members and its load capacity assessment method. Journal of Building Engineering, 98, Article 111283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.11128310.1016/j.jobe.2024.111283 ↗
34. Liu, G., Li, J., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Corrosion of carbon steels subjected to chloride and sulfate in simulated concrete pore solutions with different pH. Construction and Building Materials, 440, Article 137445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13744510.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137445 ↗
35. Luo, S., Li, W., Chen, Z., Guo, X., Li, D., Lin, J., Qin, G., & Huang, P. (2024). A simplified fatigue model for CFRP-strengthened RC beams under the coupling action of a hot–wet/saline environment and cyclic loading. International Journal of Fatigue, 187, Article 108444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.10844410.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108444 ↗
36. Maruthapandian, V., Muralidharan, S., & Saraswathy, V. (2016). Spinel NiFe2O4 based solid state embeddable reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete structures. Construction and Building Materials, 107, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.17510.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.175 ↗
37. Mohamed, H., El-Gamal, A. A., Khalil, M. H., Hammed, H. H., & Rashad, A. M. (2022c). Valorization of nano-PbO as an additive to modify the properties and radiation shielding of alkali-activated slag mortar. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 287, Article 126277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.12627710.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126277 ↗
38. Mohamed, O. A., El-dek, S. I., & El-Gamal, S. M. A. (2023a). Mechanical performance and thermal stability of hardened Portland cement-recycled sludge pastes containing MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Science and Reports, 13, 2036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29093-y10.1038/s41598-023-29093-y ↗
39. Mohamed, O. A., El-Gamal, S. M. A., & Farghali, A. A. (2022a). Utilization of alum sludge waste for production of eco-friendly blended cement. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 24, 949–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01369-x10.1007/s10163-022-01369-x ↗
40. Mohamed, O. A., Farghali, A. A., Eessaa, A. K., & El-Shamy, A. M. (2022b). Cost-effective and green additives of pozzolanic material derived from the waste of alum sludge for successful replacement of Portland cement. Scientific Reports, 12, 20974. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25246-710.1038/s41598-022-25246-7 ↗
41. Mohamed, O. A., Hazem, M. M., Mohsen, A., & Ramadan, M. (2023b). Impact of microporous γ-Al2O3 on the thermal stability of pre-cast cementitious composite containing glass waste. Construction and Building Materials, 378, Article 131186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13118610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131186 ↗
42. Mohsen, A., Amin, M. S., Selim, F. A., & Ramadan, M. (2024). The impact of wurtzite and mesoporous Zn-Al-CO3 LDH on the performance of alkali-activated-slag: Setting times, compressive strength, and radiation attenuation. Construction and Building Materials, 438, Article 137218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13721810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137218 ↗
43. Niksarlıoğlu, S., Akman, F., Pekdemir, M. E., Kuzu, S. Y., Kaçal, M. R., & Yılmaz, M. (2023). An extensive investigation on gamma shielding properties of PLA/Gd2O3 nanocomposites. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 208, Article 110936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.11093610.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110936 ↗
44. Nonat, A. (2004). The structure and chemistry of the calcium silicate hydrates. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(9), 1521–1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.00510.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.005 ↗
45. Owaid, H. M., Hamid, R., & Taha, M. R. (2019). Durability properties of multiple-blended binder concretes incorporating thermally activated alum sludge ash. Construction and Building Materials, 200, 591–603.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.149 ↗
46. Pham, P. N., Duan, W., Zhuge, Y., Liu, Y., & Tormo, I. E. S. (2021). Properties of mortar incorporating untreated and treated drinking water treatment sludge. Construction and Building Materials, 280, Article 122558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.12255810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122558 ↗
47. Ramadan, M., Amin, M. S., & Sayed, M. A. (2020). Superior physico-mechanical, fire resistivity, morphological characteristics and gamma radiation shielding of hardened OPC pastes incorporating ZnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles. Construction and Building Materials, 234, Article 117807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.11780710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117807 ↗
48. Ramadan, M., El-Gamal, S. M. A., Wetwet, M. M., & Hazem, M. M. (2024). Amelioration of antimicrobial, radiation shielding, thermal stability of Portland cement composites using hematite nanoparticles. Construction and Building Materials, 421, Article 135661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13566110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135661 ↗
49. Rashad, A. M., Eessaa, A. K., Khalil, M. H., & Mohamed, O. A. (2023). An initial study on the effect of nano-zirconium on the behavious of alkali-activated slag cement subjected to seawater attack. Construction and Building Materials, 370, Article 130659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13065910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130659 ↗
50. Reddy, B. C., Manjunatha, H. C., Vidya, Y. S., Sridhar, K. N., Pasha, U. M., Seenappa, L., Mahendra Kumar, C., Sadashivamurthy, B., Dhananjaya, N., Sathish, K. V., & Gupta, P. S. D. (2021). Radiation shielding, photoluminescence and antimicrobial properties of Magnesium ferrite synthesized via low temperature solution combustion method. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 142, Article 103988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.10398810.1016/j.pnucene.2021.103988 ↗
51. Richardson, I. G. (2008). The calcium silicate hydrates. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(2), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.00510.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.005 ↗
52. Sallam, O. I., Madbouly, A. M., Elalaily, N. A., & Ezz-Eldin, F. M. (2020). Physical properties and radiation shielding parameters of bismuth borate glasses doped transition metals. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 843, Article 156056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15605610.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156056 ↗
53. Santosa, G. Z. B., Filhoa, J. A. M., Pinheirob, M., & Manzato, L. (2019). Synthesis of water treatment sludge ash-based geopolymers in an Amazonian context. Journal of Environmental Management, 249, Article 109328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.10932810.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109328 ↗
54. Sayed, D. G., El-Gamal, S. M. A., El-Hosiny, F. I., Hazem, M. M., & Ramadan, M. (2024). Promoting the performance of green slag-based geopolymer using eskolaite nanoparticles for bio-mechanical, thermal, and shielding applications. Construction and Building Materials, 433, Article 136706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13670610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136706 ↗
55. Selim, F. A., Amin, M. S., Ramadan, M., & Hazem, M. M. (2020). Effect of elevated temperature and cooling regimes on the compressive strength, microstructure and radiation attenuation of fly ash–cement composites modified with miscellaneous nanoparticles. Construction and Building Materials, 258, Article 119648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.11964810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119648 ↗
56. Shamaki, M., Adu-Amankwah, S., & Black, L. (2021). Reuse of UK alum water treatment sludge in cement-based materials. Construction and Building Materials, 275, Article 122047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12204710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122047 ↗
57. Shehata, N., Mohamed, O. A., Sayed, E. T., Abdelkareem, M. A., & Olabi, A. G. (2022). Geopolymer concrete as green building materials: Recent applications, sustainable development and circular economy potentials. Science of the Total Environment, 836, Article 155577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15557710.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155577 ↗
58. Tantawy, M. A. (2015). Characterization and pozzolanic properties of calcined alum sludge. Materials Research Bulletin, 61, 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.10.04210.1016/j.materresbull.2014.10.042 ↗
59. Taylor, H. F. W. (1997). Cement chemistry (2nd ed.). Thomas Telford Publishing.10.1680/cc.25929 ↗
60. Tobbala, D. E. (2019). Effect of Nano-ferrite addition on mechanical properties and gamma ray attenuation coefficient of steel fiber reinforced heavy weight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 207, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.09910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.099 ↗
61. Tran, N. P., Wang, T., Nguyen, T. N., Jin, H., & Ngo, T. D. (2024). High-volume recycled glass cementitious and geopolymer composites incorporating graphene oxide. Construction and Building Materials, 450, Article 138476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.13847610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138476 ↗
62. Yu, R., Spiesz, P., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2015). Effect of nano-silica on the hydration and microstructure development of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Cement and Concrete Composites, 56, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.00210.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.002 ↗
63. Yuan, Y., Ge, Y., Yan, J., Peng, H., & Zhang, B. (2024). Synthesis of geopolymer using glass fiber powder from retired wind blades: A new attempt to recycle solid waste in wind power industries. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, Article 110130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.11013010.1016/j.jobe.2024.110130 ↗
64. Zhang, J., Sun, N., Huo, Z., & Chen, J. (2024). Understanding the synergistic geopolymerization mechanism of multiple solid wastes in ternary geopolymers. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, Article 110295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.11029510.1016/j.jobe.2024.110295 ↗
65. Zhao, J., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, K., & Fu, C. (2023). Bond performance between FRP bars and geopolymer concrete after elevated temperature exposure. Construction and Building Materials, 384, Article 131476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.13147610.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131476 ↗