Mix Design and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concretes: Applicability of Eurocode 2
Source abstract
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing recycled gravel. Four formulations were studied, the concrete of reference and three concretes containing recycled gravel with 30, 65 and 100 % replacement ratios. All materials were formulated on the basis of S4 class of flowability and a target C35 class of compressive strength according to the standard EN 206-1. The paper first presents the mix design method which was based on the optimization of cementitious paste and granular skeleton, then discusses experimental results. The results show that the elastic modulus and the tensile strength decrease while the peak strain in compression increases. Correlation with the water porosity is also established. The validity of analytical expressions proposed by Eurocode 2 is also discussed. The obtained results, together with results from the literature, show that these relationships do not predict adequately the mechanical properties as well as the stress–strain curve of tested materials. New expressions were established to predict the elastic modulus and the peak strain from the compressive strength of natural concrete. It was found that the proposed relationship E – f c is applicable for any type of concrete while the effect of substitution has to be introduced into the stress–strain ( ε c1 – f c ) relationship for recycled aggregate concrete. For the full stress–strain curve, the model of Carreira and Chu seems more adequate.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance · Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation · Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (50)
Show source-provided references
1. Ali, A. M., Farid, B., & Al-Janabi, A. I. M. (1990). Stress–strain relationship for concrete in compression model of local materials. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Engineering Sciences,2, 183–194.10.4197/Eng.2-1.12 ↗
2. Assié, S. (2004). Durability of self compactingconcretes (254 pp). PhD Thesis, INSA-Toulouse, Toulouse (in French).
3. Baalbaki, W., Benmokrane, B., Chaallal, O., & Aitcin, P.-C. (1991). Influence of coarse aggregate on elastic properties of high-performance concrete. ACI Materials Journal,88(5), 499–503.
4. Belén, G.-F., Fernando, M.-A., Carro Lopez, D., & Seara-Paz, S. (2011). Stress–strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate. Construction and Building Materials,25(5), 2335–2342.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.031 ↗
5. Belin, P., Habert, G., Thiery, M., & Thiery, M. (2013). Cement paste content and water absorption of recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Materials and Structures, 1–15. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0128-z .10.1617/s11527-013-0128-z ↗
6. Carreira, D. J., & Chu, K.-H. (1985). Stress–strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. ACI Materials Journal,82(6), 797–804.
7. Casuccio, M., Torrijos, M.-C., Giaccio, G., & Zerbino, R. (2008). Failure mechanism of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials,22(7), 1500–1506.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.032 ↗
8. Cedolin, L., & Cusatis, G. (2008). Identification of concrete fracture parameters through size effect experiments. Cement & Concrete Composites,30(9), 788–797.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.05.007 ↗
9. de Juan, M.-S., & Gutirrez, P.-A. (2009). Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials,23(2), 872–877.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.04.012 ↗
10. Dhonde, H.-B., Mo, Y.-L., Hsu, T. T.-C., & Vogel, J. (2007). Fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating fiber-reinforced concrete. ACI Journal,104(5), 491–500.
11. Djerbi Tegguer, A. (2012). Determining the water absorption of recycled aggregates utilizing hydrostatic weighing approach. Construction and Building Materials,27(1), 112–116.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.018 ↗
12. Domingo-Cabo, A., Lazaro, C., Lopez-Gayarre, F., Serrano-Lopez, M. A., Serna, P., & Castano-Tabares, J. O. (2009). Creep and shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials,23(7), 2545–2553.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.018 ↗
13. Dong, Z., & Keru, W. (2001). Fracture properties of high-strength concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,13(1), 86–88.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:1(86) ↗
14. El-Hilali, A. (2009). Experimental study of the rheology and the behaviour and self-compacting concrete (SCC): Influence of limestone filler and vegetable fibres (p. 200). PhD Thesis, University of Cergy-Pontoise (in French).
15. Etxeberria, M., Vazquez, E., Mari, A., & Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,37(5), 735–742.10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002 ↗
16. Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2007). Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement & Concrete Composites,29(5), 397–401.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004 ↗
17. Fares, H. (2009). Mechanical and physico-chemical properties of self compacting concrete exposed to heigh temperatures (p. 206). PhD Thesis, University of Cergy-Pontoise (in French).
18. Gesoglu, M., Güneyisi, E., & Özturan, T. (2002). Effects of end conditions on compressive strength and static elastic modulus of very high strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,32(10), 1545–1550.10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00826-8 ↗
19. Gomes, M. & de Brito, J. (2009). Structural concrete with incorporation of coarse recycled concrete and ceramic aggregates: durability performance. Materials and Structures, 42(5), 663–675. doi: 10.1617/s11527-008-9411-9 ).10.1617/s11527-008-9411-9 ↗
20. Gomez-Soberon, J. M. V. (2002). Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate: An experimental study. Cement and Concrete Research,32(8), 1301–1311.10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00795-0 ↗
21. Hacene, S.-M.-A. B., Ghomari, F., Schoefs, F., & Khelidj, A. (2009). Etude expérimentale et statistique de l’influence de l’affaissement et de l’air occlus sur la résistance a la compression des bétons. Lebanese Science Journal,10(2), 81–100.
22. Hansen, T. C., & Boegh, E. (1986). Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. ACI Journal,82(5), 648–652.
23. Julio, E., Dias, N., Lourenço, J., & Silva, J. (2006). Feret coefficients for white self-compacting concrete. Materials and Structures, 39(5), 585–591. doi: 10.1007/s11527-005-9048-x .10.1007/s11527-005-9048-x ↗
24. Kang, T. H.-K., Kim, W., Kwak, Y.-K., & Hong, S.-G. (2014). Flexural testing of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates. ACI Structural Journal, 111(3), 607–616.10.14359/51686622 ↗
25. Karihaloo, B.-L., Abdalla, H.-M., & Xiao, Q.-Z. (2006). Deterministic size effect in the strength of cracked concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Research,36(1), 171–188.10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.007 ↗
26. Kim, J.-K., Lee, C.-S., Park, C.-K., & Eo, S.-H. (1997). The fracture characteristics of crushed limestone sand concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,27(11), 1719–1729.10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00156-7 ↗
27. Kim, J.-K., Lee, Y., & Yi, S.-T. (2004). Fracture characteristics of concrete at early ages. Cement and Concrete Research,34(3), 507–519.10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.011 ↗
28. Kou, S.-C., Poon, C.-S., & Etxeberria, M. (2011). Influence of recycled aggregates on long term mechanical properties and pore size distribution of concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites,33(2), 286–291.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.10.003 ↗
29. Lédée, M. V., de Larrard F., Sedran, T., & Brochu, F.-P. (2004). Essai de compacité des fractions granulaires à la table à secousses—Mode opératoire. M. d. e. no. 61 (p. 13). Paris, France Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (in French).
30. Li, X. (2008). Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part I. Material behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 53(1–2), 36–44.10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.006 ↗
31. Manzi, S., Mazzotti, C., & Bignozzi, M. C. (2013). Short and long-term behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Cement & Concrete Composites,37, 312–318.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.003 ↗
32. Martinez-Lage, I., Martinez-Abella, F., Vazquez-Herrero, C., & Perez-Ordonez, J.-L. (2012). Properties of plain concrete made with mixed recycled coarse aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, Non Destructive Techniques for Assessment of Concrete,37, 171–176.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.045 ↗
33. McNeil, K. & Kang T.-K. (2013). Recycled concrete aggregates: A review. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 7(1), 61–69 doi: 10.1007/s40069-013-0032-5 ).10.1007/s40069-013-0032-5 ↗
34. Pereira, P., Evangelista, L., & de Brito, J. (2012). The effect of superplasticisers on the workability and compressive strength of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials,28(1), 722–729.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.050 ↗
35. Poon, C.-S., Kou S.-C., & Lam, L. (2007). Influence of recycled aggregate on slump and bleeding of fresh concrete. Materials and Structures, 40(9), 981–988. doi: 10.1617/s11527-006-9192-y .10.1617/s11527-006-9192-y ↗
36. Prasad, M. L. V., Rathish Kumar, P., & Oshima, T. (2009). Development of analytical stress–strain model for glass fiber self compacting concrete. International Journal of Mechanics and Solids,4(1), 25–37.
37. Praveen, K., Haq, M.-A., & Kaushik, S.-K. (2004). Early age strength of SCC with large volumes of fly ash. Indian concrete Journal,78(6), 25–29.
38. Sedran, T. (1999). Rhéologie et Rhéométrie des bétons: Application aux bétons autonivelants (p. 220). Champs-sur-Marne: Ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussées.
39. Shannag, M. J. (2000). High strength concrete containing natural pozzolan and silica fume. Cement & Concrete Composites,22(6), 399–406.10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00037-8 ↗
40. Shen, J., Yurtdas, I. Diagana, G., & Li, A. (2009). Evolution of the uniaxial mechanical behavior of self-compacting concrete (SCC): Effect of the compressive strength. In 27th meeting of civil engineering universities, St. Malo, France.
41. Suresh Babu, T., Seshagiri Rao, M. V., & Rama Seshu, D. (2008). Mechanical properties and stress–strain behavior of self compacting concrete with and without glass fibres. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing),9(5), 457–472.
42. Tam, V. W.-Y., Gao, X. F., Tam, C. M., & Chan, C. H. (2008). New approach in measuring water absorption of recycled aggregates. Construction and Building Materials,22(3), 364–369.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.009 ↗
43. UNICEM L’Union nationale des industries de carrières et matériaux de construction. Reteieved, from http://www.unicem.fr/ . Accessed 2013.
44. UNPG Union Nationale des Producteurs de Granulats. Reteieved, from http://www.unpg.fr/ . Accessed 2013.
45. Wardeh, G., Ghorbel, E., & Mignot, V. (2010). Fracture properties of hybrid fibre self compacting concrete (pp. 219–224). Marianske Lazne: Concrete structures for challenging times.
46. Wee, T., Chin, M., & Mansur, M. (1996). Stress–strain relationship of high-strength concrete in compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,8(2), 70–76.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:2(70) ↗
47. Wu, K.-R., Chen, B., Yao, W., & Zhang, D. (2001). Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,31(10), 1421–1425.10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00588-9 ↗
48. Xiao, J., Li, J., & Zhang, C. (2005). Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cement and Concrete Research,35(6), 1187–1194.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.020 ↗
49. Xiao, J., Sun, Y., & Falkner, H. (2006). Seismic performance of frame structures with recycled aggregate concrete. Engineering Structures,28(1), 1–8.10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.06.019 ↗
50. Zhao, Z., Kwon, S.-H., & Shah, S.-P. (2008). Effect of specimen size on fracture energy and softening curve of concrete: Part I. Experiments and fracture energy. Cement and Concrete Research,38(8–9), 1049–1060.10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.017 ↗