Prediction of the Tensile Strength of Normal and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Exposed to High Temperatures
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The tensile strength of concrete has a great impact on the performance of concrete structures, especially for members exposed to high temperatures. The inclusion of steel fibers in concrete is one of the measures to retrieve the loss of tensile strength. The previous equations for the prediction of the tensile strength, are valid for conventional concrete and can predict the tensile strength after high-temperature exposure. Therefore, they are unsatisfactory for forecasting the tensile strength of plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete under high-temperature exposure. To establish a model that can effectively simulate the tensile strength of plain concrete, specimens with compressive strengths of 20–80 MPa are tested. Then by performing tensile strength tests on the specimens containing various content of steel fiber, an equation for prediction of the tensile strength at the ambient temperature is proposed. Meanwhile, the tensile strength tests are conducted at temperatures of 100–800 °C to develop a model for high-temperature exposure. The results indicate that an increase of compressive strength from 20 to 84 improves the tensile strength by 169.4%, and the incorporation of 0.25 and 0.5% of steel fibers can improve the tensile strength of normal concrete by 58.48 and 80.29% on average at the tested temperatures, respectively. Moreover, the proposed model is able to predict the tensile strength of normal and steel fiber reinforced concrete exposed to high temperatures accurately. This equation would help a wider application of the steel fibers in the construction industry with the risk of a fire accident.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Fire effects on concrete materials · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (80)
Show source-provided references
1. A. C192/C192M (2012). Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory.
2. A.C. 363 (1984). State-of-the-art Report on High-strength Concrete (ACI 363R-84), in: American Concrete Institute.
3. A. Guide, A. Manual, ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318–05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05), ACI Committee 318, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005 ACI 530, Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530–05/ASCE 5, (n.d.).
4. Abaeian, R., Behbahani, H. P., & Moslem, S. J. (2018). Effects of high temperatures on mechanical behavior of high strength concrete reinforced with high performance synthetic macro polypropylene (HPP) Fibres. Elsevier Limited.
5. Abbass, W., Khan, M. I., & Mourad, S. (2018). Evaluation of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete with different strengths of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 168, 556–569.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.164 ↗
6. Abdallah, S., Fan, M., & Cashell, K. A. (2017). Bond-slip behaviour of steel fibres in concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 140, 542–551.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.148 ↗
7. Abdelrahim, M. A. A., Elthakeb, A., Mohamed, U., & Noaman, M. T. (2021). Effect of steel fibers and temperature on the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports., 17, 270–276.10.2478/cee-2021-0028 ↗
8. Ahmad, S. H., & Shah, S. P. (1985). Structural properties of high strength concrete and its implications for precast prestressed concrete. PCI Journal, 30, 92–119.10.15554/pcij.11011985.92.119 ↗
9. Ahmad, S., Umar, A., Masood, A., & Nayeem, M. (2019). Performance of self-compacting concrete at room and after elevated temperature incorporating Silica fume. Advances in Concrete Construction., 7, 31.
10. Ali, B., Kurda, R., Herki, B., Alyousef, R., Mustafa, R., Mohammed, A., Raza, A., Ahmed, H., & Fayyaz Ul-Haq, M. (2020). Effect of varying steel fiber content on strength and permeability characteristics of high strength concrete with micro silica. Materials (basel)., 13, 5739.10.3390/ma13245739 ↗
11. Bamonte, P., & Gambarova, P. G. (2012). A study on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete at high temperature and after cooling. Materials and Structures, 45, 1375–1387.10.1617/s11527-012-9839-9 ↗
12. Bani-Yasin, I. S. (2004). Performance of high strength fibrous concrete slab concrete connections under gravity and lateral loads. Jordan University of Science.
13. Bastami, M., Baghbadrani, M., & Aslani, F. (2014). Performance of nano-Silica modified high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 68, 402–408.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.026 ↗
14. Bažant, Z. P., & Chern, J.-C. (1987). Stress-induced thermal and shrinkage strains in concrete. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 113, 1493–1511.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1493) ↗
15. Bošnjak, J., Sharma, A., & Grauf, K. (2019). Mechanical properties of concrete with steel and polypropylene fibres at elevated temperatures. Fibers., 7, 9.10.3390/fib7020009 ↗
16. C. ASTM, 496/C 496M-04, Stand. Test Method Split. Tensile Strength Cylind. Concr. Specimens. (2004).
17. Castillo, C. (1897). Effect of transient high temperature on high-strength concrete. (Doctoral dissertation, Rice University).
18. Chang, Y.-F., Chen, Y.-H., Sheu, M.-S., & Yao, G. C. (2006). Residual stress–strain relationship for concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 1999–2005.10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.029 ↗
19. Choi, Y., & Yuan, R. L. (2005). Experimental relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of GFRC and PFRC. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 1587–1591.10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.010 ↗
20. Craig, R. J., Parr, J. A., Germain, E., Mosquera, V., & Kamilares, S. (1986). Fiber reinforced beams in torsion. Journal Proceedings., 83, 934–942.
21. Dattatreya, J. K., & Suresh, S. (2015). Study on compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology., 2, 37–40.
22. E.C. for S. (CEN) (2004). Design of concrete structures—part 1–2: General rules—structural fire design, EN 1992 Eurocode 2.
23. El-Niema, E. I. (1991). Reinforced concrete beams with steel fibers under shear. Structural Journal., 88, 178–183.
24. El-Sayad, H. I. (2005). Effect of steel fibers on the compressive and splitting tensile strength of normal, medium and high strength concrete. In: Eleventh international colloquium on structural and geotechnical engineering.
25. Faiyadh, F. I., & Al-Ausi, M. A. (1989). Effect of elevated temperature on splitting tensile strength of fibre concrete. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 11, 175–178.10.1016/0262-5075(89)90090-0 ↗
26. Farzadnia, N., Ali, A. A. A., & Demirboga, R. (2013). Characterization of high strength mortars with nano alumina at elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research, 54, 43–54.10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.08.003 ↗
27. Gao, D., Yan, D., & Li, X. (2012). Splitting strength of GGBFS concrete incorporating with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber after exposure to elevated temperatures. Fire Safety Journal, 54, 67–73.10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.07.009 ↗
28. Gündüz, Y., Taşkan, E., & Şahin, Y. (2016). Using hooked-end fibres on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete. High Perform. Optim. Des. Struct. Mater., II(166), 265.10.2495/HPSM160241 ↗
29. Hueste, M. B. D., Chompreda, P., Trejo, D., Cline, D. B. H., & Keating, P. B. (2004). Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete for prestressed members. Structural Journal., 101, 457–465.
30. Izadifard, R. A., Khalighi, A., Moghadam, M. A., & Pirnaeimi, H. B. (2021b). A Thoroughgoing study on engineering properties of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Fire Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01093-210.1007/s10694-021-01093-2 ↗
31. Izadifard, R. A., Abdi Moghadam, M., & Sepahi, M. M. (2021a). Influence of metakaolin as a partial replacement of cement on characteristics of concrete exposed to high temperatures. Journal of Sustainable Cement Based Materials. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2021.187720610.1080/21650373.2021.1877206 ↗
32. Jackiewicz-Rek, W., Drzymała, T., Kuś, A., & Tomaszewski, M. (2016). Durability of high performance concrete (HPC) subject to fire temperature impact. Archives of Civil Engineering, 62, 73–94.10.1515/ace-2015-0109 ↗
33. Khalil, L. W. I. (2018). Influence of high temperature on steel fiber reinforced concrete. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development., 10, 139–150.
34. Khaliq, W., & Waheed, F. (2017). Mechanical response and spalling sensitivity of air entrained high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 150, 747–757.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.039 ↗
35. Kim, J., & Lee, G.-P. (2015). Evaluation of mechanical properties of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete exposed to high temperatures by double-punch test. Construction and Building Materials, 79, 182–191.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.042 ↗
36. Kowalski, R. (2010). Mechanical properties of concrete subjected to high temperature. Architecture Civil Engineering Environment, 2(5), 61–70.
37. Kwak, Y.-K., Eberhard, M. O., Kim, W.-S., & Kim, J. (2002). Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. ACI Structural Journal, 99, 530–538.
38. Li, W., & Guo, Z. H. (1993). Experimental investigation on strength and deformation of concrete under high temperature. Chin J Build Struct., 14, 8–16.
39. Liu, Y., Shi, C., Zhang, Z., Li, N., & Shi, D. (2020). Mechanical and fracture properties of ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete: Effects of steel fiber and silica fume. Cement and Concrete Composites, 112, 103665.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103665 ↗
40. Mansur, M. A., Vinayagam, T., & Tan, K.-H. (2008). Shear transfer across a crack in reinforced high-strength concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20, 294–302.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:4(294) ↗
41. Marar, K., Celik, T. (2002). The Influence of FRI on the relationship between compressive and tensile strength of NSFRC and HSFRC. In: Sixth international conference on concrete technology. Amman-Jordan.
42. Marques, A. M., Correia, J. R., & De Brito, J. (2013). Post-fire residual mechanical properties of concrete made with recycled rubber aggregate. Fire Safety Journal, 58, 49–57.10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.02.002 ↗
43. Mehdipour, S., Nikbin, I. M., Dezhampanah, S., Mohebbi, R., Moghadam, H., Charkhtab, S., & Moradi, A. (2020). Mechanical properties, durability and environmental evaluation of rubberized concrete incorporating steel fiber and metakaolin at elevated temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production., 254, 120126.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120126 ↗
44. Moghadam, M. A., & Izadifard, R. A. (2019). Experimental investigation on the effect of silica fume and zeolite on mechanical and durability properties of concrete at high temperatures. SN Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0739-210.1007/s42452-019-0739-2 ↗
45. Mitchell, D., Abrishami, H. H., & Mindess, S. (1996). The effect of steel fibers and epoxy-coated reinforcement on tension stiffening and cracking of reinforced concrete. Materials Journal., 93, 61–68.
46. Moghadam, M. A., & Izadifard, R. (2019). Evaluation of shear strength of plain and steel fibrous concrete at high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 215, 207–216.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.136 ↗
47. Moghadam, M. A., & Izadifard, R. A. (2020a). Effects of zeolite and silica fume substitution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of mortar at high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials., 253, 119206.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119206 ↗
48. Moghadam, M. A., & Izadifard, R. A. (2020b). Effects of steel and glass fibers on mechanical and durability properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures. Fire Safety Journal, 113, 102978.10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102978 ↗
49. Müller, H. S., Hilsdorf, H. K. (1990). Evaluation of the time dependent behavior of concrete, CEB Com. Euro Int. Du Béton, Bull.
50. Mydin, M. A. O., & Wang, Y. C. (2012). Mechanical properties of foamed concrete exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 26, 638–654.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.067 ↗
51. Nadiya, S. I., & Saffar, A. (2006). Mechanical properties of steel fibrous concrete. Al Rafdain Engineering Journal., 14, 43–57.
52. Narayanan, R., & Kareem-Palanjian, A. S. (1983). Steel fibre reinforced concrete beams in torsion. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 5, 235–246.10.1016/0262-5075(83)90065-9 ↗
53. Novák, J., & Kohoutková, A. (2017). Fire response of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete to high temperature. Procedia Engineering, 172, 784–790.10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.123 ↗
54. Novak, J., & Kohoutkova, A. (2018). Mechanical properties of concrete composites subject to elevated temperature. Fire Safety Journal, 95, 66–76.10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.010 ↗
55. Patel, Y., Pasha, N., & Azam, D. (2017). Effect of different types of steel fibers on strength parameters of self compacting concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research Science Engineering and Technology., 6, 14727–14736.
56. Perumal, R. (2014). Correlation of compressive strength and other engineering properties of high-performance steel fiber–reinforced concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27, 4014114.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001050 ↗
57. Ramadoss, P. (2014). Combined effect of silica fume and steel fiber on the splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering., 12, 96–103.
58. Rao, K. S., & Narayana, S. (2013). Comparison of performance of standard concrete and fibre reinforced standard concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. American Journla of Engineering Research, 3, 20–26.
59. Rao, B. K. (2016). A study on steel fiber reinforced normal compacting concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6, 41–45.
60. Rashid, M. A., Mansur, M. A., & Paramasivam, P. (2002). Correlations between mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 14, 230–238.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:3(230) ↗
61. Rjoub, M. I., & Muhammad, T. R. (2006). Shear capacity of high strength fiber reinforced concrete beams. Engineering Sciences, 33, 15–26.
62. Salwan, S. (2016). Effect of different types of steel fiber on the split tensile strength of sfrc cylindrical specimens. Int J AdvRes Sci Eng 642–647.
63. Sarbini, N. N., Ibrahim, I. S., & Saim, A. A. (2013). Enhancement on strength properties of steel fibre reinforced concretE. Fac. Civ. Eng. Univ. Technol.
64. Sharma, A. K. (1986). Shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. Journal Proceedings., 83(4), 624–628.
65. Singh, P. R., Goel, A., Thakur, S., Shah, D. N. D. (2016). An experimental approach to Investigate Effect of steel fibers on tensile and flexural strength of fly ash concrete. Int J Sci Eng Appl Sci (IJSEAS) 2(5):384-392.
66. Song, P. S., & Hwang, S. (2004). Mechanical properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 18, 669–673.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.027 ↗
67. Srikar, V. V. M., & Kalyan, G. (2018). International journal of engineering sciences & research technology performance of concrete with adding of steel fibers. International Journal of Engineering Science Research and Technology., 7, 290–308.
68. Standard, B. (2009). Testing hardened concrete (pp. 12390–12393). Compressive Strength Test Specimens.
69. Sukumar, A., & John, E. (2014). Fiber addition and its effect on concrete strength. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering., 1, 144–149.
70. Sumathi, A., & Saravana, K. (2014). Strength predictions of admixed high performance steel fiber concrete. ChemTech, 6, 4729–4736.
71. Thomas, J., & Ramaswamy, A. (2007). Mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19, 385–392.10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:5(385) ↗
72. Uysal, M., Yilmaz, K., & Ipek, M. (2012). Properties and behavior of self-compacting concrete produced with GBFS and FA additives subjected to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 28, 321–326.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.076 ↗
73. Vairagade, V. S., Kene, K. S., & Patil, T. R. (2012). Comparative study of steel fiber reinforced over control concrete. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2, 1–3.
74. Wadekar, A. P., & Pandit, P. R. D. (2014). Study of different types fibres used in high strength fibre reinforced concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering., 1, 225–230.
75. Wafa, F. F., & Ashour, S. A. (1992). Mechanical properties of high-strength fiber reinforced concrete. Materials Journal., 89, 449–455.
76. Xiao, J., Xie, Q., & Xie, W. (2018). Study on high-performance concrete at high temperatures in China (2004–2016)-An updated overview. Fire Safety Journal, 95, 11–24.10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.007 ↗
77. Xie, D., & Qian, Z. (1998). Research on bond and tension of concrete after high temperature. Journal of Zhejiang University Natural Sciences Edition, 32, 597–602.
78. Xu, B. W., & Shi, H. S. (2009). Correlations among mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 3468–3474.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.017 ↗
79. Yan, K., Xu, H., Shen, G., & Liu, P. (2013). Prediction of splitting tensile strength from cylinder compressive strength of concrete by support vector machine. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013, 1–13.
80. Yermak, N., Pliya, P., Beaucour, A.-L., Simon, A., & Noumowé, A. (2017). Influence of steel and/or polypropylene fibres on the behaviour of concrete at high temperature: Spalling, transfer and mechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, 132, 240–250.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.120 ↗