journal article·2021-12Open access

Experimental Studies on Progressive Collapse Behavior of RC Frame Structures: Advances and Future Needs

Wei-Jian Yi, Fan Yi, Yun Zhou

Abstract

Abstract In the recent two decades, the progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures attracted unprecedented research interests in the structural engineering community. Experiments are regarded as an essential method in this field since actual cases can barely provide sufficient and effective data to support rigorous research. In this paper, prevailing experimental assumptions and configurations among over 100 series of experiments are quantitatively revealed by a bibliometric collection based on systematic search in an academic database. Since numerous experiments have been reported on the progressive collapse of RC frame structures, this paper subsequently presents a state-of-the-art review summarizing both experimental consensuses and controversies constituted by three main aspects: (a) static mechanisms, (b) dynamic behavior, and (c) threat-dependent research. The significance of secondary mechanisms, existing problems of dynamic effects, and potential flaws of the threat-independent assumption are discussed in detail with experimental findings. Future needs are emphasized on research targets, correlations between experiments and design, dynamic effects, threat-dependent issues, and retrofitting. These recommendations might help researchers or designers realize a more reliable and realistic progressive collapse design of RC frame structures in the future.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Structural Response to Dynamic Loads · High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior · Fire effects on concrete materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Adam, J. M., Buitrago, M., Bertolesi, E., Sagaseta, J., & Moragues, J. J. (2020). Dynamic performance of a real-scale reinforced concrete building test under a corner-column failure scenario. Engineering Structures, 210, 110414.10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110414 ↗
2. Adam, J. M., Parisi, F., Sagaseta, J., & Lu, X. (2018). Research and practice on progressive collapse and robustness of building structures in the 21st century. Engineering Structures, 173, 122–149.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.082 ↗
3. Ahmadi, R., Rashidian, O., Abbasnia, R., & Mohajeri NavUsefi, F. N. (2016). Experimental and numerical evaluation of progressive collapse behavior in scaled RC beam–column subassemblage. Shock and Vibration, 2016, 17.10.1155/2016/3748435 ↗
4. Al-Khaiat, H., Fereig, S., Al-Duaij, J., & Awida, T. (1999). Impact of shelling on RC frames with and without infill walls. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 13, 22–28.10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(1999)13:1(22) ↗
5. Almusallam, T., Al-Salloum, Y., Ngo, T., Mendis, P., & Abbas, H. (2017). Experimental investigation of progressive collapse potential of ordinary and special moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames. Materials and Structures, 50, 137.10.1617/s11527-017-1014-x ↗
6. Almusallam, T. H., Elsanadedy, H. M., Al-Salloum, Y. A., Siddiqui, N. A., & Iqbal, R. A. (2018). Experimental investigation on vulnerability of precast RC beam–column joints to progressive collapse. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22, 3995–4010.10.1007/s12205-018-1518-0 ↗
7. Alogla, K., Weekes, L., & Augusthus-Nelson, L. (2016). A new mitigation scheme to resist progressive collapse of RC structures. Construction and Building Materials, 125, 533–545.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.084 ↗
8. Alshaikh, I. M., Bakar, B. A., Alwesabi, E. A., & Akil, H. M. (2020). Experimental investigation of the progressive collapse of reinforced concrete structures: An overview. Structures, 25, 881–900.10.1016/j.istruc.2020.03.018 ↗
9. Amiri, S., Saffari, H., & Mashhadi, J. (2018). Assessment of dynamic increase factor for progressive collapse analysis of RC structures. Engineering Failure Analysis, 84, 300–310.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.11.011 ↗
10. Azim, I., Yang, J., Bhatta, S., Wang, F., & Liu, Q.-F. (2019). Factors influencing the progressive collapse resistance of RC frame structures. Journal of Building Engineering, 27, 100986.10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100986 ↗
11. Azim, I., Yang, J., Iqbal, M. F., Mahmood, Z., Javed, M. F., Wang, F., & Liu, Q.-F. (2021). Prediction of catenary action capacity of RC beam–column substructures under a missing column scenario using evolutionary algorithm. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25, 891–905.10.1007/s12205-021-0431-0 ↗
12. Azim, I., Yang, J., Javed, M. F., Iqbal, M. F., Mahmood, Z., Wang, F., & Liu, Q. F. (2020). Prediction model for compressive arch action capacity of RC frame structures under column removal scenario using gene expression programming. Structures (pp. 212–228). Elsevier.
13. Baghi, H., Oliveira, A., Valença, J., Cavaco, E., Neves, L., & Júlio, E. (2018). Behavior of reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill wall subjected to vertical load. Engineering Structures, 171, 476–487.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.001 ↗
14. Bailey, C. G. (2001). Membrane action of unrestrained lightly reinforced concrete slabs at large displacements. Engineering Structures, 23, 470–483.10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00064-X ↗
15. Bao, Y., Kunnath, S. K., El-Tawil, S., & Lew, H. S. (2008). Macromodel-based simulation of progressive collapse: RC frame structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134, 1079–1091.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1079) ↗
16. Bermejo, M., Santos, A. P., & Goicolea, J. M. (2017). Development of practical finite element models for collapse of reinforced concrete structures and experimental validation. Shock and Vibration, 2017, 1–9.10.1155/2017/4636381 ↗
17. Brodsky, A., & Yankelevsky, D. (2017). Resistance of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls to in-plane gravity loading due to loss of a supporting column. Engineering Structures, 140, 134–150.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.061 ↗
18. Buth, C. E., Williams, W. F., Brackin, M. S., Lord, D., Geedipally, S. R., & Abu-Odeh, A. Y. (2010). Analysis of large truck collisions with bridge piers: phase 1, report of guidelines for designing bridge piers and abutments for vehicle collisions. Texas Transportation Institute.
19. Chen, L., Xiao, Y., Xiao, G., Liu, C., & Agrawal, A. K. (2015). Test and numerical simulation of truck collision with anti-ram bollards. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 75, 30–39.10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.011 ↗
20. Choi, H., & Kim, J. (2011). Progressive collapse-resisting capacity of RC beam–column sub-assemblage. Magazine of Concrete Research, 63, 297–310.10.1680/macr.9.00170 ↗
21. Chu, M., Zhou, Y., Lu, X., & Li, Y. (2016). An experimental study on one-way reinforced concrete beam–slab substructures for resisting progressive collapse. China Civil Engineering Journal, 49, 31–40.
22. Clough, R., & Penzien, J. (1993). Dynamics of structural (2nd ed.). MaGraw-Hill.
23. Dat, P. X., & Tan, K. H. (2013). Experimental study of beam–slab substructures subjected to a penultimate-internal column loss. Engineering Structures, 55, 2–15.10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.026 ↗
24. Dat, P. X., & Tan, K. H. (2014). Experimental response of beam–slab substructures subject to penultimate-external column removal. Journal of Structural Engineering, 141, 04014170.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001123 ↗
25. Demartino, C., Wu, J. G., & Xiao, Y. (2017). Response of shear-deficient reinforced circular RC columns under lateral impact loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 109, 196–213.10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.06.011 ↗
26. Deng, X. F., Liang, S. L., Fu, F., & Kai, Q. (2020). Effects of high-strength concrete on progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete frame. Journal of Structural Engineering, 146, 17.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002628 ↗
27. Diao, M., Li, Y., Guan, H., Lu, X., & Gilbert, B. P. (2019). Influence of horizontal restraints on the behaviour of vertical disproportionate collapse of RC moment frames. Engineering Failure Analysis, 109, 104324.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104324 ↗
28. Department of Defense (DoD). (2009). Unified facilities criteria, design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. Washington DC: Department of Defense.
29. Du, K., Bai, J., Teng, N., Yan, D., & Sun, J. (2020). Experimental investigation of asymmetrical reinforced concrete spatial frame substructures against progressive collapse under different column removal scenarios. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 29, e1717.10.1002/tal.1717 ↗
30. Du, K., Teng, N., Yan, D., & Sun, J. (2019). Experimental study on the effect of floor slab on the progressive collapse resistance of RC spatial frame structure. China Civil Engineering Journal, 52, 14–23.
31. Feng, F.-F., Hwang, H.-J., & Yi, W.-J. (2020). Static and dynamic loading tests for precast concrete moment frames under progressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 213, 110612.10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110612 ↗
32. Feng, P., Qiang, H. L., Ou, X., Qin, W. H., & Yang, J. X. (2019). Progressive collapse resistance of GFRP-strengthened RC beam–slab subassemblages in a corner column-removal scenario. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23, 15.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000917 ↗
33. Feng, P., Qiang, H., Qin, W., & Gao, M. (2017). A novel kinked rebar configuration for simultaneously improving the seismic performance and progressive collapse resistance of RC frame structures. Engineering Structures, 147, 752–767.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.042 ↗
34. Forquin, P., & Chen, W. (2017). An experimental investigation of the progressive collapse resistance of beam–column RC sub-assemblages. Construction and Building Materials, 152, 1068–1084.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.179 ↗
35. Gao, C., Zou, Z., & Wu, J. (2013). Experimental study on progressive collapse failure of RC frame structures under blast loading. China Civil Engineering Journal, 46, 9–20.
36. Glover, N. (1997). The Oklahoma City bombing: Improving building performance through multi-hazard mitigation (FEMA 277) by building performance analysis team. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 3(4), 185.10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1997)3:4(186) ↗
37. Gouverneur, D., Caspeele, R., & Taerwe, L. (2013). Experimental investigation of the load–displacement behaviour under catenary action in a restrained reinforced concrete slab strip. Engineering Structures, 49, 1007–1016.10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.045 ↗
38. GSA. (2003). Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects. US General Services Administration.
39. GSA. (2013). Alternate path analysis & design guidelines for progressive collapse resistance. GSA.
40. GSA. (2016). Alternate path analysis & design guidelines for progressive collapse resistance. US General Services Administration.
41. Gu, X., Wang, X., Yin, X., Lin, F., & Hou, J. (2014). Collapse simulation of reinforced concrete moment frames considering impact actions among blocks. Engineering Structures, 65, 30–41.10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.01.046 ↗
42. Gurbuz, T., Ilki, A., Thambiratnam, D. P., & Perera, N. (2019). Low-elevation impact tests of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns. ACI Structural Journal, 116, 117–128.10.14359/51710862 ↗
43. He, Q.-F. (2010). Research on progressive collapse behavior of RC frame structures. Hunan University.
44. He, X.-H.-C., Yuan, X.-X., & Yi, W.-J. (2019). Irregularity index for quick identification of worst column removal scenarios of RC frame structures. Engineering Structures, 178, 191–205.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.026 ↗
45. Izzuddin, B. A., Vlassis, A. G., Elghazouli, A. Y., & Nethercot, D. A. (2008). Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss—Part I: Simplified assessment framework. Engineering Structures, 30, 1308–1318.10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.011 ↗
46. Jian, H., Li, S., & Huanhuan, L. (2016). Testing and analysis on progressive collapse-resistance behavior of RC frame substructures under a side column removal scenario. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30, 04016022.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000873 ↗
47. Kamath, P., Sharma, U. K., Kumar, V., Bhargava, P., Usmani, A., Singh, B., Singh, Y., Torero, J., Gillie, M., & Pankaj, P. (2015). Full-scale fire test on an earthquake-damaged reinforced concrete frame. Fire Safety Journal, 73, 1–19.10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.02.013 ↗
48. Kang, H., & Kim, J. (2015). Progressive collapse of steel moment frames subjected to vehicle impact. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29, 04014172.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000665 ↗
49. Kang, S.-B., & Tan, K. H. (2015). Behaviour of precast concrete beam–column sub-assemblages subject to column removal. Engineering Structures, 93, 85–96.10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.03.027 ↗
50. Kang, S.-B., & Tan, K. H. (2017). Progressive collapse resistance of precast concrete frames with discontinuous reinforcement in the joint. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143, 04017090.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001828 ↗
51. Keyvani, L., & Sasani, M. (2015). Analytical and experimental evaluation of progressive collapse resistance of a flat-slab posttensioned parking garage. Journal of Structural Engineering, 141, 04015030.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001279 ↗
52. Khandelwal, K., El-Tawil, S., Kunnath, S. K., & Lew, H. S. (2008). Macromodel-based simulation of progressive collapse: Steel frame structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 134, 1070–1078.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1070) ↗
53. Khorsandnia, N., Valipour, H., Foster, S., & Amin, A. (2017). Experimental study of progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete framed structures. ACI Structural Journal, 114, 1385–1396.10.14359/51689496 ↗
54. Kiakojouri, F., de Biagi, V., Chiaia, B., & Sheidaii, M. R. (2020). Progressive collapse of framed building structures: Current knowledge and future prospects. Engineering Structures, 206, 110061.10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110061 ↗
55. Kim, J., & Choi, H. (2015). Monotonic loading tests of RC beam–column subassemblage strengthened to prevent progressive collapse. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 9, 401–413.10.1007/s40069-015-0119-2 ↗
56. Kim, Y., Kabeyasawa, T., & Igarashi, S. (2012). Dynamic collapse test on eccentric reinforced concrete structures with and without seismic retrofit. Engineering Structures, 34, 95–110.10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.09.017 ↗
57. Kishi, N., & Mikami, H. (2012). Empirical formulas for designing reinforced concrete beams under impact loading. ACI Structural Journal, 109, 509–519.
58. Kishi, N., Mikami, H., Matsuoka, K., & Ando, T. (2002). Impact behavior of shear-failure-type RC beams without shear rebar. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 27, 955–968.10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00149-X ↗
59. Kishi, N., Nakano, O., Matsuoka, K. & Ando, T. (2001). Experimental study on ultimate strength of flexural-failure-type RC beams under impact loading.
60. Kokot, S., Anthoine, A., Negro, P., & Solomos, G. (2012). Static and dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete flat slab frame building for progressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 40, 205–217.10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.02.026 ↗
61. Lew, H. S., Bao, Y., Pujol, S., & Sozen, M. A. (2014). Experimental study of reinforced concrete assemblies under column removal scenario. ACI Structural Journal, 111, 861–892.10.14359/51686739 ↗
62. Li, B., & Yap, S. L. (2011). Experimental investigation of reinforced concrete exterior beam–column subassemblages for progressive collapse. ACI Structural Journal, 108, 542–552.
63. Li, S., Shan, S., Zhai, C., & Xie, L. (2016). Experimental and numerical study on progressive collapse process of RC frames with full-height infill walls. Engineering Failure Analysis, 59, 57–68.10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.11.020 ↗
64. Li, S., Shan, S. D., Zhang, H. Y., & Li, Y. (2019a). Rapid retrofit of reinforced concrete frames after progressive collapse to increase sustainability. Sustainability, 11, 21.
65. Li, Z., Liu, Y., Huo, J., & Elghazouli, A. Y. (2019b). Experimental and analytical assessment of RC joints with varying reinforcement detailing under push-down loading before and after fires. Engineering Structures, 189, 550–564.10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.084 ↗
66. Li, Z., Liu, Y., Huo, J., Rong, H., Chen, J., & Elghazouli, A. Y. (2018). Experimental assessment of fire-exposed RC beam–column connections with varying reinforcement development lengths subjected to column removal. Fire Safety Journal, 99, 38–48.10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.06.003 ↗
67. Lim, N. S., Tan, K., & Lee, C. (2017a). Effects of rotational capacity and horizontal restraint on development of catenary action in 2-D RC frames. Engineering Structures, 153, 613–627.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.059 ↗
68. Lim, N. S., Tan, K. H., & Lee, C. K. (2017b). Experimental studies of 3D RC substructures under exterior and corner column removal scenarios. Engineering Structures, 150, 409–427.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.041 ↗
69. Lin, K., Li, Y., Lu, X., & Guan, H. (2017). Effects of seismic and progressive collapse designs on the vulnerability of RC frame structures. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 31, 04016079.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000942 ↗
70. Lin, K., Lu, X., Li, Y., Zhuo, W., & Guan, H. (2019). A novel structural detailing for the improvement of seismic and progressive collapse performances of RC frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 48, 1451–1470.10.1002/eqe.3208 ↗
71. Liu, M. (2013). A new dynamic increase factor for nonlinear static alternate path analysis of building frames against progressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 48, 666–673.10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.011 ↗
72. Lu, X., Lin, K., Li, Y., Guan, H., Ren, P., & Zhou, Y. (2017). Experimental investigation of RC beam–slab substructures against progressive collapse subject to an edge-column-removal scenario. Engineering Structures, 149, 91–103.10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.039 ↗
73. Luo, H., Zhang, L., & Zhang, L. (2019). Progressive failure of buildings under landslide impact. Landslides, 16, 1327–1340.10.1007/s10346-019-01164-0 ↗
74. Ma, F., Gilbert, B. P., Guan, H., Lu, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Experimental study on the progressive collapse behaviour of RC flat plate substructures subjected to edge-column and edge-interior-column removal scenarios. Engineering Structures, 209, 110299.10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110299 ↗
75. Main, J. A., Bao, Y., Lew, H. S., & Sadek, F. (2014). Robustness of precast concrete frames: Experimental and computational studies. Structures Congress, 2014, 2210–2220.
76. Marchand, K. A., & Alfawakhiri, F. (2004). Facts for steel buildings: Blast and progressive collapse. American Institute of Steel Construction.
77. Matthews, T., Elwood, K. J., & Hwang, S.-J. (2007). Explosive testing to evaluate dynamic amplification during gravity load redistribution for reinforced concrete frames. Structural engineering research frontiners. American Society of Civil Engineers.
78. McKay, A., Marchand, K., & Diaz, M. (2012). Alternate path method in progressive collapse analysis: Variation of dynamic and nonlinear load increase factors. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 17, 152–160.10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000126 ↗
79. Nimse, R. B., Joshi, D. D., & Patel, P. V. (2015). Experimental study on precast beam column connections constructed using RC corbel and steel billet under progressive collapse scenario. Structures Congress, 2015, 1101–1117.
80. Nyunn, S., Wang, F., Yang, J., Liu, Q.-F., Azim, I., & Bhatta, S. (2020). Numerical studies on the progressive collapse resistance of multi-story RC buildings with and without exterior masonry walls. Structures (pp. 1050–1059). Elsevier.
81. Onat, O., Correia, A. A., Lourenço, P. B., & Koçak, A. (2018). Assessment of the combined in-plane and out-of-plane behavior of brick infill walls within reinforced concrete frames under seismic loading. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 47, 2821–2839.10.1002/eqe.3111 ↗
82. Orton, S., Jirsa, J. O., & Bayrak, O. (2009). Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer for continuity in existing reinforced concrete buildings vulnerable to collapse. ACI Structural Journal, 106, 608–616.
83. Orton, S. L., & Kirby, J. E. (2014). Dynamic response of a RC frame under column removal. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 28, 04014010.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000464 ↗
84. Park, R., & Gamble, W. L. (1999). Reinforced concrete slabs. Wiley.
85. Pham, A. T., & Tan, K. H. (2017). Experimental study on dynamic responses of reinforced concrete frames under sudden column removal applying concentrated loading. Engineering Structures, 139, 31–45.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.002 ↗
86. Pham, A. T., & Tan, K. H. (2019). Static and dynamic responses of reinforced concrete structures under sudden column removal scenario subjected to distributed loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145, 04018235.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002214 ↗
87. Qian, K., Lan, D.-Q., Fu, F., & Li, B. (2020a). Effects of infilled wall opening on load resisting capacity of RC frames to mitigate progressive collapse risk. Engineering Structures, 223, 111196.10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111196 ↗
88. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2012a). Dynamic performance of RC beam–column substructures under the scenario of the loss of a corner column—Experimental results. Engineering Structures, 42, 154–167.10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.016 ↗
89. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2012b). Experimental and analytical assessment on RC interior beam–column subassemblages for progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 26, 576–589.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000284 ↗
90. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2012c). Slab effects on response of reinforced concrete substructures after loss of corner column. ACI Structural Journal, 109(6), 845–856.
91. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2013a). Analytical evaluation of the vulnerability of RC frames for progressive collapse caused by the loss of a corner column. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29, 04014025.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000493 ↗
92. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2013b). Experimental study of drop panel effects on response of reinforced concrete flat slabs after loss of corner column. ACI Structural Journal, 110, 319–330.
93. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2013c). Performance of three-dimensional reinforced concrete beam–column substructures under loss of a corner column scenario. Journal of Structural Engineering, 139, 584–594.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000630 ↗
94. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2013d). Quantification of slab influences on the dynamic performance of RC frames against progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29, 04014029.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000488 ↗
95. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2013e). Strengthening and retrofitting of RC flat slabs to mitigate progressive collapse by externally bonded CFRP laminates. Journal of Composites for Construction, 17, 554–565.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000352 ↗
96. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2015). Research advances in design of structures to resist progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29, B4014007.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000698 ↗
97. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2017a). Dynamic and residual behavior of reinforced concrete floors following instantaneous removal of a column. Engineering Structures, 148, 175–184.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.059 ↗
98. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2017b). Effects of masonry infill wall on the performance of RC frames to resist progressive collapse. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143, 04017118.10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001860 ↗
99. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2018). Performance of precast concrete substructures with dry connections to resist progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 32, 04018005.10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001147 ↗
100. Qian, K., & Li, B. (2019). Strengthening and retrofitting precast concrete buildings to mitigate progressive collapse using externally bonded GFRP strips. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23, 04019018.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000943 ↗