journal article·2020-10-20Open access

AR Book-Finding Behavior of Users in Library Venue

Chun-I Lee, Fu-Ren Xiao, Yi-Wen Hsu

Applied Sciences· Volume 10· Issue 20

Abstract

ARKit and ARCore, key technologies in recent augmented reality (AR) development, have allowed AR to become more integrated in our lives. However, how effective AR is in an auxiliary role in venue guidance and how to collect the actual behaviors of users in physical venues are worth exploring. This study used navAR, a spatial behavior analysis system app that our research team developed, to collect the actual behaviors of participants in physical space via a smartphone, such as time, distance travelled, and trajectory, and compared their book-finding behaviors in a library venue in a text scenario and an AR scenario without any additional sensors or cameras. The experiment results revealed that (1) AR targets made a significant difference in book search time, and the participants found some of the books significantly faster; (2) the participants presented no significant differences in distance travelled; (3) with an AR target, the book-finding trajectories of the participants were significantly more regular; (4) the AR guidance system had good usability. The results of this study can facilitate planning with AR in indoor venue routes, improve venue and exhibition tour experiences, and enable AR to be used for crowd flow diversion. Furthermore, this study provides a methodology for future analyses on user behavior in physical spaces.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Augmented Reality Applications · Interactive and Immersive Displays · Spatial Cognition and Navigation

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Multimedia and Animation Arts, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City 22058, Taiwan

Funding

Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan

References (40)

Show source-provided references
1. Damala, A., Cubaud, P., Bationo, A., Houlier, P., and Marchal, I. (2008, January 10–12). Bridging the gap between the digital and the physical: Design and evaluation of a mobile augmented reality guide for the museum visit. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, DIMEA ‘08, Athens, Greece.10.1145/1413634.1413660 ↗
2. Development and behavioral pattern analysis of a mobile guide system with augmented reality for painting appreciation instruction in an art museum10.1016/j.compedu.2013.09.022 ↗
3. Mata, F., Claramunt, C., and Juarez, A. (2011, January 1–4). An experimental virtual museum based on augmented reality and navigation. Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Chicago, IL, USA.10.1145/2093973.2094058 ↗
4. Communication behaviors in colocated collaborative AR interfaces10.1207/S15327590IJHC1603_2 ↗
5. Using presence to evaluate an augmented reality location aware game10.1007/s00779-010-0306-8 ↗
6. Chincholle, D., Goldstein, M., Nyberg, M., and Eriksson, M. (2002, January 18–20). Lost or found? A usability evaluation of a mobile navigation and locationbased service. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human–Computer Interaction, Pisa, Italy.10.1007/3-540-45756-9_17 ↗
7. Shneiderman, B. (2010). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human–Computer Interaction, Addison-Wesley. [5th ed.].
8. Bellot, S.A. (2011). Visual Tag Recognition for Indoor Positioning. [Master’s Thesis, Signal Processing Scholl of Electrical Engineering Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan].
9. Umlauf, E.J., Piringer, H., Reitmayr, G., and Schmalstieg, D. (2002, January 29). ARLib: The augmented library. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Augmented Reality Toolkit Workshop, Darmstadt, Germany.
10. Alex, A.G.A., Jegatha, S., Gnana, J.J., and Albert, R.S. (March, January 27). SaaS framework for library augmented reality application. Proceedings of the 2014 World Congress on Computing and Communication Technologies, Tamilnadu, India.10.1109/WCCCT.2014.58 ↗
11. Brinkman, B., and Brinkman, S. (2013, January 1–4). AR in the library: A pilot study of multi-target acquisition usability. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Adelaide, Australia.10.1109/ISMAR.2013.6671785 ↗
12. Liu, D.Y. (2016, January 12–13). Combined with augmented reality navigation applications in the library. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Advanced Materials for Science and Engineering (ICAMSE), Tainan, Taiwan.10.1109/ICAMSE.2016.7840320 ↗
13. Wang, Y.S., Chen, C.M., Hong, C.M., and Tsai, Y.N. (2013, January 22–26). Interactive augmented reality game for enhancing library instruction in elementary schools. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops, Kyoto, Japan.10.1109/COMPSACW.2013.128 ↗
14. La Delfa, G.C., and Catania, V. (2014, January 20–21). Accurate indoor navigation using Smartphone, Bluetooth Low Energy and Visual Tags. Proceedings of the MobileMed 2014, 2nd International Conference on Mobile and Information Technologies in Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
15. Yan, X., Liu, W., and Cui, X. (2015, January 17–18). Research and application of indoor guide based on mobile augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization, Xiamen, China.10.1109/ICVRV.2015.48 ↗
16. Cankaya, I.A., Koyun, A., Yigit, T., and Yuksel, A.S. (2015, January 14–16). Mobile indoor navigation system in iOS platform using augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT), Rostov on Don, Russia.10.1109/ICAICT.2015.7338563 ↗
17. Gerstweiler, G., Vonach, E., and Kaufmann, H. (2016). HyMoTrack: A Mobile AR Navigation System for Complex Indoor Environments. Sensors, 16.10.3390/s16010017 ↗
18. Gerstweiler, G. (2018, January 18–22). Guiding people in complex indoor environments using augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, Reutlingen, Germany.10.1109/VR.2018.8446138 ↗
19. Google (2020, February 10). ARCore Overview. Available online: https://developers.google.com/ar/discover/.
20. Makarov, A. (2020, February 10). How Augmented Reality-Based Indoor Navigation Works. Available online: https://mobidev.biz/blog/augmented-reality-indoor-navigation-app-developement-arkit.
21. Hardy, J. (2020, February 10). Creating an ARCore Powered Indoor Navigation Application in Unity. Available online: https://blog.raccoons.be/arcore-powered-indoor-navigation-unity.
22. Diao, P.H., and Shih, N.J. (2018). MARINS: A Mobile Smartphone AR System for Pathfinding in a Dark Environment. Sensors, 18.10.3390/s18103442 ↗
23. Swan, J.E., and Gabbard, J.L. (2005, January 22–27). Survey of user-based experimentation in augmented reality. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Virtual Reality, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
24. Dünser, A., Grasset, R., and Billinghurst, M. (2008, January 10–13). A survey of evaluation techniques used in augmented reality studies. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 Courses, Singapore.10.1145/1508044.1508049 ↗
25. Dias, M., Jorge, J., Carvalho, J., Santos, P., and Luzio, J. (2003, January 7). Usability evaluation of tangible user interfaces for augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Augmented Reality Toolkit Workshop, Tokyo, Japan.
26. Jordan, P.W., Thomas, B., Weerdmeester, B.A., and McClelland, I.L. (1996). SUS—A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale. Usability Evaluation in Industry, Taylor & Francis.10.1201/9781498710411 ↗
27. The System Usability Scale: Past, Present, and Future10.1080/10447318.2018.1455307 ↗
28. Quandta, M., Beinkea, T., and Freitag, M. (2020, January 1–3). User-centered evaluation of an augmented reality-based assistance system for maintenance. Proceedings of the 53rd CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems, Chicago, IL, USA.
29. Usability Principles for Augmented Reality Applications in a Smartphone Environment10.1080/10447318.2012.722466 ↗
30. Moore, D. (2003). A Real-World System for Human Motion Detection and Tracking, California Institute of Technology.
31. Drab, S., and Artner, N. (2005, January 11). Motion Detection as Interaction Technique for Games & Applications on Mobile Devices. Proceedings of the Interaction Devices (PERMID 2005) Workshop, Munich, Germany.
32. Inertial Pocket Navigation System: Unaided 3D Positioning10.3390/s150409156 ↗
33. Saponas, T.S., Lester, J., Hartung, C., and Kohno, T. (2006). Devices That Tell on You: The Nike + iPod Sport Kit, University of Washington.
34. Lee, C.I., Xiao, F.R., and Hsu, Y.W. (2019, January 12–14). Using augmented reality technology to construct a venue navigation and spatial behavior analysis system. Proceedings of the 5th International Augmented and Virtual Reality Conference, Munich, Germany.
35. Geigerm, C., Reimann, C., Sticklein, J., and Paelke, V. (2002, January 29). JARToolKit—A java binding for ARToolKit. Proceedings of the The First IEEE International Workshop Agumented Reality Toolkit, Darmstadt, Germany.
36. Dias, J.M.S., Monteiro, L., Santos, P., Silvestre, R., and Bastos, R. (2003, January 7). Developing and authoring mixed reality with MX toolkit. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Augmented Reality Toolkit Workshop, Tokyo, Japan.
37. Liarokapis, F., White, M., and Lister, P. (2004, January 14–16). Augmented reality interface toolkit. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV’04), London, UK.
38. Paelke, V., Stocklein, J., Reimann, C., and Rosenbach, W. (2003, January 7). Supporting user interface evaluation of AR presentation and interaction techniques with ARToolkit. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Augmented Reality Toolkit Workshop, Tokyo, Japan.
39. Placenote (2020, February 10). What Is a Spatial App?. Available online: https://docs.placenote.com/.
40. Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale