Application of Phase Change Materials and Conventional Thermal Mass for Control of Roof-Generated Cooling Loads
Source abstract
Abstract
Among all of the internal fabric and external enclosure components of buildings, sloped roofs and adjacent attics are often the most dynamic areas. Roofs are exposed to high temperature fluctuations and intense solar radiation that are subject to seasonal changes in climatic conditions. Following the currently rising interests in demand-side management, building energy dynamics, and the thermal response characteristics of building components, this paper contains unpublished results from past studies that focused on innovative roof and attic configurations. The authors share unique design strategies that yield significant reduction of daytime roof peak temperatures, thermal-load shavings, and up to a ten-hour shift of the peak load period. Furthermore, advance configurations of the roofs and attics that are discussed in this paper enable over 90% reductions in roof-generated peak-hour cooling loads and sometimes close to 50% reductions in overall roof-generated cooling loads as compared with traditionally constructed roofs with the same or similar levels of thermal insulation. It is expected that the proposed new roof design schemes could support the effective management of dynamic energy demand in future buildings.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization · Solar Energy Systems and Technologies · Adsorption and Cooling Systems
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
R&D Services, Watertown, TN 37184, USA
Polish Academy Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
Energy Delivery & Utilization, GTI, Davis, CA 95616, USA
References (46)
Show source-provided references
1. A simplified thermal response model10.1177/014362448700800104 ↗
2. Demand Side Management: Demand Response, Intelligent Energy Systems, and Smart Loads10.1109/TII.2011.2158841 ↗
3. An evaluation of the suitability of lumped-capacitance models in calculating energy needs and thermal behaviour of buildings10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.021 ↗
4. Experimental determination of parameters in models of indoor air temperature response to reduction in supplied energy10.1177/1744259116647912 ↗
5. Dynamic thermal response of building material layers in aspect of their moisture content10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.106 ↗
6. Passive solar research and practice10.1016/0378-7788(84)90074-4 ↗
7. Passive solar design of mass housing: Ensuring environmental improvements at the planning stage for suburban housing10.1057/palgrave.jba.2950041 ↗
8. Massive storage walls as passive solar heating elements: An analytic model10.1016/0038-092X(81)90069-4 ↗
9. Cooling load calculations by thermal response factors
10. Bellos, E., Tzivanidis, C., and Touris, I. (2014, January 9–12). Effect of Thermal Mass in the Cooling and Heating Loads of Buildings. Proceedings of the 6th IC-SCCE Conference, Athens, Greece.
11. The Effect of Thermal Mass on Annual Heat Load and Thermal Comfort in Cold Climate Construction10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000092 ↗
12. Effect of the thermal insulation layer location on wall dynamic thermal response rate under the air-conditioning intermittent operation10.1016/j.csite.2017.04.001 ↗
13. The role of thermal mass on the cooling load of buildings. An overview of computational methods10.1016/0378-7788(95)00956-6 ↗
14. On the thermal buffering of naturally ventilated buildings through internal thermal mass10.1017/S0022112007005320 ↗
15. The impact of thermal mass on building energy consumption10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.024 ↗
16. Concrete as a thermal mass material for building applications—A review10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.021 ↗
17. Driving factors for occupant-controlled space heating in residential buildings10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.001 ↗
18. Electricity Usage Scheduling in Smart Building Environments Using Smart Devices10.1155/2013/468097 ↗
19. Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.033 ↗
20. Impacts of building operational schedules and occupants on the lighting energy consumption patterns of an office space10.1007/s12273-016-0345-9 ↗
21. Thermal performance of composite building components with periodic solar insolation and ambient temperature10.1016/0741-983X(86)90021-4 ↗
22. Passive Techniques for Achieving Thermal Comfort in the Vernacular Dwellings of Bikaner
23. Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for Sustainable Architecture, Taylor & Francis.10.4324/9780203480106 ↗
24. Ozadowicz, A. (2017). A New Concept of Active Demand Side Management for Energy Efficient Prosumer Microgrids with Smart Building Technologies. Energies, 10.10.3390/en10111771 ↗
25. Adaptive residential demand-side management using rule-based techniques in smart grid environments10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.070 ↗
26. U.S. Energy Information Administration (2019, October 06). Annual Energy Outlook, Available online: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/archive/aeo18/.
27. Frysinger, G.A., and Sliwkowski, J. (1987). Phase Change Material Storage Assisted Heating Systems, University of Delaware.
28. Kośny, J., Miller, W.A., and Zaltash, A. (2010, January 5–9). Dynamic Thermally-Disconnected Building Envelopes—A New Paradigm for Walls and Roofs in Low Energy Buildings. Proceedings of the DOE, ASHRAE, ORNL Conference—Thermal Envelopes XI—Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Clearwater, FL, USA.
29. Tabares-Velasco, P.C., Christensen, C., Bianchi, M., and Booten, C. (2012). Verification and Validation of EnergyPlus Conduction Finite Difference and Phase Change Material Models for Opaque Wall Assemblies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Technical Report.10.2172/1219743 ↗
30. Kośny, J. (2015). Book PCM-Enhanced Building Components—An Application of Phase Change Materials in Building Envelopes and Internal Structures, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-14286-9 ↗
31. Empirical validation and comparison of PCM modeling algorithms commonly used in building energy and hygrothermal software10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106750 ↗
32. Numerical modelling and thermal simulation of PCM–gypsum composites with ESP-r10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.004 ↗
33. Diurnal load reduction through phase-change building components
34. Kossecka, E., and Kośny, J. (2010, January 13–15). Thermal Balance of a Wall with PCM-Enhanced Thermal Insulation. Proceedings of the 1st Central European Symposium on Building Physics, Cracow, Poland.
35. ASTM C1784—20 (2020, September 28). Standard Test Method for Using a Heat Flow Meter Apparatus for Measuring Thermal Storage Properties of Phase Change Materials and Products. Available online: https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/ASTM/ASTMC178420.
36. Kośny, J., Yarbrough, D.W., Miller, W.A., Wilkes, K., and Lee, E. (2009, January 14–17). Analysis of the Dynamic Thermal Performance of Fibrous Insulations Containing Phase Change Materials. Proceedings of the Effstock 2009—The 11th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage, Stockholm, Sweden.
37. ISO Standard 10456:2007/COR 1:2009 (2020, September 28). Building Materials and Products—Hygrothermal Properties—Tabulated Design Values and Procedures for Determining Declared and Design Thermal Values—Technical Corrigendum 1. Available online: https://www.iso.org/standard/55597.html.
38. Hot-Box Testing of Building Envelope Assemblies—A Simplified Procedure for Estimation of Minimum Time of the Test10.1520/JTE100795 ↗
39. ISO 13790: 2008(en) (2020, September 28). Energy Performance of Buildings—Calculation of Energy Use for Space Heating and Cooling. Available online: https://www.iso.org/standard/41974.html.
40. Miller, W.A., Kośny, J., Shrestha, S., Christian, J., Karagiozis, A., Kohler, C., and Dinse, D. (2010, January 15–20). Advanced Residential Envelopes for Two Pair of Energy-Saver Homes. Proceedings of the 2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Building, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
41. Kośny, J., Yarbrough, D., Kossecka, E., Miller, W.A., Bianchi, M., Smith, J., and Lee, E. (2010, January 5–9). Theoretical and Experimental Thermal Performance Analysis of Building Shell Components Containing Blown Fiber Glass Insulation Enhanced with Phase Change Material (PCM). Proceedings of the DOE, ASHRAE, ORNL Conference—Thermal Envelopes XI—Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, Clearwater, FL, USA.
42. A Comprehensive Review of Radiant Barrier Research Including Laboratory and Field Experiments
43. Thermal Performance Test of a Phase-Change-Material Cool Roof System by a Scaled Model10.1155/2018/2646103 ↗
44. Field thermal performance of naturally ventilated solar roof with PCM heat sink10.1016/j.solener.2012.05.020 ↗
45. Miller, W.A., and Kośny, J. (2007, January 17–22). Next Generation Roofs and Attics for Residential Homes. Proceedings of the 2008 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
46. Kośny, J., Biswas, K., Miller, W.A., Childs, P., and Kriner, S. (2020, January 30). Sustainable retrofit of residential roofs using metal roofing panels, thin-film photovoltaic laminates and PCM heat sink technology. Proceedings of the JBED, Washington, DC, USA.