journal article·2022-03-21Open access

A WSN Framework for Privacy Aware Indoor Location

Aleksandar Tošić, Niki Hrovatin, Jernej Vičič

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 6

Abstract

In the past two decades, technological advancements in smart devices, IoT, and smart sensors have paved the way towards numerous implementations of indoor location systems. Indoor location has many important applications in numerous fields, including structural engineering, behavioral studies, health monitoring, etc. However, with the recent COVID-19 pandemic, indoor location systems have gained considerable attention for detecting violations in physical distancing requirements and monitoring restrictions on occupant capacity. However, existing systems that rely on wearable devices, cameras, or sound signal analysis are intrusive and often violate privacy. In this research, we propose a new framework for indoor location. We present an innovative, non-intrusive implementation of indoor location based on wireless sensor networks. Further, we introduce a new protocol for querying and performing computations in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that preserves sensor network anonymity and obfuscates computation by using onion routing. We also consider the single point of failure (SPOF) of sink nodes in WSNs and substitute them with a blockchain-based application through smart contracts. Our set of smart contracts is able to build the onion data structure and store the results of computation. Finally, a role-based access control contract is used to secure access to the system.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data · Cryptography and Data Security · Security in Wireless Sensor Networks

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia

InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia

Funding

European Union · Slovenian Research Agency

References (60)

Show source-provided references
1. Data Resource Profile: COVerAGE-DB: A global demographic database of COVID-19 cases and deaths10.1093/ije/dyab027 ↗
2. Bale, R., Li, C.G., Yamakawa, M., Iida, A., Kurose, R., and Tsubokura, M. (2021, January 5–9). Simulation of droplet dispersion in COVID-19 type pandemics on Fugaku. Proceedings of the Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing Conference, Geneva, Switzerland.10.1145/3468267.3470575 ↗
3. Risk assessment of airborne COVID-19 exposure in social settings10.1063/5.0055547 ↗
4. The efficacy of social distance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission10.1016/j.scs.2020.102390 ↗
5. Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 pandemic10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.041 ↗
6. Preventing covid-19 spread using information and communication technology10.1109/MCE.2020.3047608 ↗
7. Role of IoT to avoid spreading of COVID-19
8. IoT platform for COVID-19 prevention and control: A survey10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068276 ↗
9. Anonymity preserving IoT-based COVID-19 and other infectious disease contact tracing model10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3020513 ↗
10. Security and privacy in sensor networks10.1109/MC.2003.1236475 ↗
11. Mobile network security and privacy in WSN10.1016/j.procs.2018.03.083 ↗
12. Deep learning enabled smart mats as a scalable floor monitoring system10.1038/s41467-020-18471-z ↗
13. Hrovatin, N., Tošić, A., Mrissa, M., and Vičič, J. (2021). A General Purpose Data and Query Privacy Preserving Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. arXiv.
14. Goldschlag, D.M., Reed, M.G., and Syverson, P.F. (1996). Hiding routing information. International Workshop on Information Hiding, Springer.10.1007/3-540-61996-8_37 ↗
15. Countering passive cyber attacks against sink nodes in tactical sensor networks using reactive route obfuscation10.1016/j.jnca.2019.01.028 ↗
16. Evolution of indoor positioning technologies: A survey10.1155/2017/2630413 ↗
17. Farahsari, P.S., Farahzadi, A., Rezazadeh, J., and Bagheri, A. (2022). A Survey on Indoor Positioning Systems for IoT-based Applications. IEEE Internet Things J., early access.10.1109/JIOT.2022.3149048 ↗
18. The active badge location system10.1145/128756.128759 ↗
19. Metaheuristic algorithm for anomaly detection in Internet of Things leveraging on a neural-driven multiagent system10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107241 ↗
20. Self-organizing anomaly detection in data streams10.1016/j.ins.2016.09.007 ↗
21. Orr, R.J., and Abowd, G.D. (2000, January 1–6). The smart floor: A mechanism for natural user identification and tracking. Proceedings of the CHI’00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, The Hague, The Netherlands.10.1145/633292.633453 ↗
22. Smart floor with integrated triboelectric nanogenerator as energy harvester and motion sensor10.1021/acsami.7b08526 ↗
23. Kaddoura, Y., King, J., and Helal, A. (2005, January 4–6). Cost-precision tradeoffs in unencumbered floor-based indoor location tracking. Proceedings of the Third International Conference On Smart Homes and Health Telematic (ICOST), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
24. Distributed sensing floor for an intelligent environment10.1109/JSEN.2009.2030650 ↗
25. Location privacy preservation mechanism for location-based service with incomplete location data10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2995504 ↗
26. Blockchain-based lightweight certificate authority for efficient privacy-preserving location-based service in vehicular social networks10.1109/JIOT.2020.2974874 ↗
27. Large Area Pressure Sensor for Smart Floor Sensor Applications—An Occupancy Limiting Technology to Combat Social Distancing10.1109/MCE.2020.3033932 ↗
28. Data about fall events and ordinary daily activities from a sensorized smart floor10.1016/j.dib.2021.107253 ↗
29. Gu, T., Fang, Z., Abhishek, A., and Mohapatra, P. (September, January 31). IoTSpy: Uncovering Human Privacy Leakage in IoT Networks via Mining Wireless Context. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, London, UK.10.1109/PIMRC48278.2020.9217236 ↗
30. Zhang, F., He, W., and Liu, X. (2011, January 20–24). Defending against traffic analysis in wireless networks through traffic reshaping. Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA.10.1109/ICDCS.2011.77 ↗
31. Saltaformaggio, B., Choi, H., Johnson, K., Kwon, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, X., Xu, D., and Qian, J. (2016, January 8–9). Eavesdropping on fine-grained user activities within smartphone apps over encrypted network traffic. Proceedings of the 10th {USENIX} Workshop on Offensive Technologies ({WOOT} 16), Austin, TX, USA.
32. Compressive sensing in wireless sensor networks—A survey10.1080/02564602.2016.1233835 ↗
33. Data gathering with compressive sensing in wireless sensor networks: A random walk based approach10.1109/TPDS.2014.2308212 ↗
34. Hu, P., Xing, K., Cheng, X., Wei, H., and Zhu, H. (May, January 27). Information leaks out: Attacks and countermeasures on compressive data gathering in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2014-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.10.1109/INFOCOM.2014.6848058 ↗
35. An efficient privacy-preserving compressive data gathering scheme in WSNs10.1016/j.ins.2016.12.050 ↗
36. Paillier, P. (1999). Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes. International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer.10.1007/3-540-48910-X_16 ↗
37. A survey on the privacy-preserving data aggregation in wireless sensor networks10.1109/CC.2015.7112038 ↗
38. Privacy-preserving data aggregation protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey10.3390/s100504577 ↗
39. Role-based access control10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60206-5 ↗
40. Chen, L.Y., and Reiser, H.P. (2017). Blockchain Based Access Control. IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, Springer International Publishing.
41. Attribute-based access control10.1109/MC.2015.33 ↗
42. Access control: Principle and practice10.1109/35.312842 ↗
43. Achour, I., Ayed, S., and Idoudi, H. (2021, January 29–30). On the Implementation of Access Control in Ethereum Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT), Virtual.10.1109/3ICT53449.2021.9581591 ↗
44. RBAC-SC: Role-based access control using smart contract10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2812844 ↗
45. Wadaa, A., Olariu, S., Wilson, L., Eltoweissy, M., and Jones, K. (2004, January 15–20). On providing anonymity in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Istanbul, Turkey.
46. Syverson, P.F., Goldschlag, D.M., and Reed, M.G. (1997, January 4–7). Anonymous connections and onion routing. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Cat. No. 97CB36097), Oakland, CA, USA.
47. A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems10.1145/359340.359342 ↗
48. Source routing in computer networks10.1145/1024853.1024855 ↗
49. Microsoft (2021, December 19). Decentralized Identity. Available online: https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE2DjfY.
50. Snow, P., Deery, B., Kirby, P., and Johnston, D. (2021, December 19). Factom Ledger by Consensus. Available online: https://cryptochainuni.com/wp-content/uploads/Factom-Ledger-by-Consensus.pdf.
51. Ethereum white paper
52. Kohno, E., Ohta, T., and Kakuda, Y. (2009, January 23–25). Secure decentralized data transfer against node capture attacks for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems, Athens, Greece.10.1109/ISADS.2009.5207366 ↗
53. Hrovatin, N., Tošić, A., and Vičič, J. (2021). Ppwsim: Privacy Preserving Wireless Sensor Network Simulator. SSRN, Available online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978796.10.2139/ssrn.3978796 ↗
54. Network simulations with the ns-3 simulator
55. Clausen, T., Jacquet, P., Adjih, C., Laouiti, A., Minet, P., Muhlethaler, P., Qayyum, A., and Viennot, L. (2021, December 19). Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), Available online: https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00471712/.
56. Miller, V.S. (1985). Use of elliptic curves in cryptography. Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer.
57. Libsodium (2021, May 28). The Sodium Crypto Library. Available online: https://libsodium.gitbook.io/doc/.
58. Bernstein, D.J. (2006). Curve25519: New Diffie-Hellman speed records. International Workshop on Public Key Cryptography, Springer.10.1007/11745853_14 ↗
59. Rahman, M.U., Baiardi, F., Guidi, B., and Ricci, L. (2019). Protecting personal data using smart contracts. International Conference on Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-34914-1_3 ↗
60. Schäffer, M., Angelo, M.D., and Salzer, G. (2019). Performance and scalability of private Ethereum blockchains. International Conference on Business Process Management, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-30429-4_8 ↗