The application of 3D bioprinting technology in liver manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and prospects

Recreating the complexity of liver structure and the diversity of cells and functions in vitro remains a significant focus in liver tissue engineering. 3D bioprinting technology features advantages in personalized manufacturing, replicating complex internal structures, and precise arrangement of multi-materials and cells, thus holding vast potential in tissue engineering, particularly for liver manufacturing. In this review, we discuss the complexity of the liver structure and function, including its composition and both development and regeneration processes. We then analyze the current limitations in liver transplantation, e.g., donor organ shortage, and the shortcomings of various liver transplantation alternatives, highlighting the importance of 3D bioprinting for liver fabrication. Furthermore, the composition and properties of the bioinks used in the liver 3D-printing process and the corresponding research outcomes are discussed. Notably, we summarize the latest advances and challenges in the field of liver fabrication and explore future development directions, namely vascular and bile duct structures. In summation, this review can provide guidance and inspiration for future research and applications related to liver reconstruction and manufacturing.