NewApproach to Predict the Motion Characteristics of Single Bubbles in Still Water

Under the action of gravity, buoyancy, and surface tension, bubbles generated by wave breaking will rupture and polymerize, causing the occurrence of high-speed jets and strong turbulence in nearby water bodies, which in turn affects sea–air exchange, sediment transport, and pollutant movement. These interactions are closely related to the shape and velocity changes in single bubbles. Therefore, understanding the motion characteristics of single bubbles is essential. In this research, a large number of experiments were carried out to serve this purpose. The experimental data were used to develop three machine learning models for the bubble final velocity, bubble drag coefficient, and bubble shape, respectively. The performance of the feed forward back propagation neural network (FBNN) models for the final velocity and drag coefficient were evaluated. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean squared error (RMSE) value of final velocity prediction model was recorded at 0.83 and 0.0518, respectively. Meanwhile, for the drag coefficient prediction model, the values are 0.92 for R2 and 0.1534 for RMSE. The models can provide a more accurate output if compared to that from the empirical formulas. K-nearest neighbours (KNN), logistic regression, and random forest were applied as the algorithm while developing the bubble shape classification model. The best performance is achieved by the logistic regression.