journal article·2020-06-29Open access

A Deep Learning-Based Perception Algorithm Using 3D LiDAR for Autonomous Driving: Simultaneous Segmentation and Detection Network (SSADNet)

Yongbeom Lee, Seongkeun Park

Applied Sciences· Volume 10· Issue 13

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based perception method in autonomous driving systems using a Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR) point cloud data, which is called a simultaneous segmentation and detection network (SSADNet). SSADNet can be used to recognize both drivable areas and obstacles, which is necessary for autonomous driving. Unlike the previous methods, where separate networks were needed for segmentation and detection, SSADNet can perform segmentation and detection simultaneously based on a single neural network. The proposed method uses point cloud data obtained from a 3D LiDAR for network input to generate a top view image consisting of three channels of distance, height, and reflection intensity. The structure of the proposed network includes a branch for segmentation and a branch for detection as well as a bridge connecting the two parts. The KITTI dataset, which is often used for experiments on autonomous driving, was used for training. The experimental results show that segmentation and detection can be performed simultaneously for drivable areas and vehicles at a quick inference speed, which is appropriate for autonomous driving systems.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications · Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies · Advanced Neural Network Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Future Convergence Technology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea

Department of Smart Automobile, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea

Funding

the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)

References (33)

Show source-provided references
1. Extraction of lane-related information and a real time image processing onboard system
2. Lateral control of autonomous vehicle using Levenberg-Marquardt neural network algorithm
3. Particle filter for correction of GPS location data of a mobile robot
4. Wang, K., Yan, F., Zou, B., Tang, L., Yuan, Q., and Lv, C. (2019). Occlusion-free road segmentation leveraging semantics for autonomous vehicles. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19214711 ↗
5. Sharma, S., Ball, J., Tang, B., Carruth, D.W., Doude, M., and Islam, M.A. (2019). Semantic segmentation with transfer learning for off-road autonomous driving. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19112577 ↗
6. Vaquero, V., Repiso, E., and Sanfeliu, A. (2018). Robust and real-time detection and tracking of moving objects with minimum 2D LiDAR information to advance autonomous cargo handling in ports. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19010107 ↗
7. Garcia-Garcia, A., Orts-Escolano, S., Oprea, S., Villena-Martínez, V., and Garcia-Rodriguez, J. (2017). A Review on Deep Learning Techniques Applied to Semantic Segmentation. arXiv.10.1016/j.asoc.2018.05.018 ↗
8. Zou, N., Xiang, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, S., and Qiao, C. (2020). Chen simultaneous semantic segmentation and depth completion with constraint of boundary. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20030635 ↗
9. Cai, G., Jiang, Z., Wang, Z., Huang, S., Chen, K., Ge, X., and Wu, Y. (2019). Spatial aggregation net: Point cloud semantic segmentation based on multi-directional convolution. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19194329 ↗
10. Object detection with deep learning: A review10.1109/TNNLS.2018.2876865 ↗
11. Chang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, S., Feng, Z., Wei, Z., and Zhang, F. (2020). Spatial attention fusion for obstacle detection using MmWave radar and vision sensor. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20040956 ↗
12. Kuang, H., Wang, B., An, J., Zhang, M., and Zhang, Z. (2020). Voxel-FPN: Multi-scale voxel feature aggregation for 3D object detection from LIDAR point clouds. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20030704 ↗
13. Long, J., Shelhamer, E., and Darrell, T. (2015). Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. arXiv.10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298965 ↗
14. U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation
15. Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., and Sun, J. (2015). Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 91–99.
16. Lin, T.-Y., Goyal, P., Girshick, R., He, K., and Dollar, P. (2017, January 22–29). Focal loss for dense object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Venice, Italy.10.1109/ICCV.2017.324 ↗
17. Redmon, J., and Farhadi, A. (2018). YOLOv3: An incremental improvement. arXiv.
18. Milioto, A., Vizzo, I., Behley, J., and Stachniss, C. (2019, January 3–8). RangeNet ++: Fast and Accurate LiDAR Semantic Segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Venetian, Macao.10.1109/IROS40897.2019.8967762 ↗
19. Wang, Y., Shi, T., Yun, P., Tai, L., and Liu, M. (2018). PointSeg: Real-time semantic segmentation based on 3D LiDAR point cloud. arXiv.
20. Yang, B., Luo, W., and Urtasun, R. (2018, January 18–22). PIXOR: Real-time 3D object detection from point clouds. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2018.00798 ↗
21. Chen, X., Ma, H., Wan, J., Li, B., and Xia, T. (2017, January 21–26). Multi-view 3D object detection network for autonomous driving. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2017.691 ↗
22. A survey on driverless vehicles: From their diffusion to security
23. The development of autonomous driving vehicles in tomorrow’s smart cities mobility10.1063/1.5079196 ↗
24. Caltagirone, L., Scheidegger, S., Svensson, L., and Wahde, M. (2017). Fast LIDAR-based road detection using fully convolutional neural networks. IEEE Intell. Veh. Symp., 1019–1024.10.1109/IVS.2017.7995848 ↗
25. Fisher, Y., and Koltun, V. (2015). Multi-scale context aggregation by dilated convolutions. arXiv.
26. Tompson, J., Goroshin, R., Jain, A., LeCun, Y., and Bregler, C. (2015). Efficient object localization using convolutional networks. arXiv.10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298664 ↗
27. Hinton, G.E., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., and Salakhutdinov, R.R. (2012). Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv.
28. Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting
29. Min, L., Chen, Q., and Yan, S. (2013). Network in network. arXiv.
30. A tutorial on the cross-entropy method10.1007/s10479-005-5724-z ↗
31. Vision meets robotics: The KITTI dataset10.1177/0278364913491297 ↗
32. Geiger, A., Lenz, P., and Urtasun, R. (2012, January 16–21). Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2012.6248074 ↗
33. Kingma, D., and Ba, J. (2014). Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv.