Design and Analysis of a High-Efficiency Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for In-Motion EV Charging
Source abstract
Abstract
Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems for in-motion electric vehicle (EV) charging often suffer from unstable power delivery due to spatial variations in magnetic coupling caused by vehicle misalignment. This study presents a stabilization-oriented DWPT design methodology that prioritizes minimizing spatial variations of mutual inductance rather than maximizing peak coupling under perfect alignment. A ferrite-backed double-D coil configuration is analyzed and refined using three-dimensional finite-element electromagnetic modeling integrated with circuit-level co-simulation to evaluate coupling behavior, magnetic field homogeneity, and power transfer efficiency under realistic dynamic misalignment conditions. The proposed design achieves a coupling coefficient of 0.50–0.55 under aligned conditions and exhibits smooth, predictable degradation for lateral offsets up to 40–50 mm. Quantitative analysis demonstrates a low spatial coupling gradient of approximately 0.001 mm−1, indicating that abrupt coupling transitions are effectively suppressed during vehicle motion. The system attains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 84.37% at an 80 mm air gap, while maintaining stable performance under both lateral and vertical displacement. Comparative evaluation shows improved misalignment tolerance and coupling stability relative to conventional double-D configurations. The results demonstrate that electromagnetic field shaping focused on coupling smoothness is an effective and practical strategy for reliable dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Wireless Power Transfer Systems · Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies · Electric Motor Design and Analysis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
School of Automation and Electrical Engineering,, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China · Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Electric vehicle charge dynamic wireless power transfer10.1051/e3sconf/202561901007 ↗
2. Inductive wireless power transfer charging for electric vehicles: A review10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116678 ↗
3. Potential of wireless power transfer for dynamic charging of electric vehicles10.1049/iet-its.2018.5221 ↗
4. Vehicle to grid: Driver plug-in patterns, their impact on the cost and carbon of charging, and implications for system flexibility10.1016/j.etran.2022.100180 ↗
5. Micari, S., and Napoli, G. (2024). Electric vehicles for a flexible energy system: Challenges and opportunities. Energies, 17.10.3390/en17225614 ↗
6. Sustainable plug-in electric vehicle integration into power systems10.1038/s44287-023-00004-7 ↗
7. Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles10.52783/pst.1502 ↗
8. Autonomous vehicles and intelligent automation: Applications, challenges, and opportunities
9. Linking electric vehicle traffic and the stationary power system: Technology needs and economical aspects10.1109/MIE.2025.3542736 ↗
10. Advancements, challenges, and future trends of vehicle-to-grid technologies: A review10.1002/ente.202500481 ↗
11. Valera, H., and Agarwal, A.K. (2025). Battery electric vehicles: Technologies, challenges and future prospects for sustainable transportation. Battery Electric Vehicles, E-Fuel Powered Hybrids and Fuel Cell Powertrains, Springer Nature.10.1007/978-981-96-6624-9 ↗
12. A comprehensive review of the recent development of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle charging systems10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300475 ↗
13. Comprehensive review of wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle charging applications10.1007/s42452-025-07738-z ↗
14. Campagna, N. (2023). Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles: System Design Approach and Energy Storage Characterization. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Palermo].
15. Mohamed, M., Gilani, V.N.M., Amjad, A., Majid, M.S., Yahya, K., and Salem, M. (2023). A review of wireless pavement system based on the inductive power transfer in electric vehicles. Sustainability, 15.10.3390/su152014893 ↗
16. Efficient management of industrial electric vehicles by means of static and dynamic wireless power transfer systems10.1007/s00170-022-10216-0 ↗
17. Sustainability of dynamic wireless power transfer roadway for in-motion electric vehicle charging10.1109/TTE.2023.3262202 ↗
18. Gadgil, S., Ekambaram, K., Davies, H., Jones, A., and Birrell, S. (2022). Determining the social, economic, political and technical factors significant to the success of dynamic wireless charging systems through a process of stakeholder engagement. Energies, 15.10.3390/en15030930 ↗
19. Wireless power transfer technologies, applications, and future trends: A review10.1109/TSUSC.2024.3380607 ↗
20. Rayan, B.A., Subramaniam, U., and Balamurugan, S. (2023). Wireless power transfer in electric vehicles: A review on compensation topologies, coil structures, and safety aspects. Energies, 16.10.3390/en16073084 ↗
21. Chen, K., and Pan, J.F. (2022, January 20–22). Dynamic wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles-Development and challenges. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), Hong Kong.10.1109/PESA55501.2022.10038419 ↗
22. Vision-based rapid power control for a dynamic wireless power transfer system of electric vehicles10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2989466 ↗
23. Niu, S., Jia, Q., Hu, Y., Yang, C., and Jian, L. (2025). Safety management technologies for wireless electric vehicle charging systems: A review. Electronics, 14.10.3390/electronics14122380 ↗
24. Palani, G., Sengamalai, U., Vishnuram, P., and Nastasi, B. (2023). Challenges and barriers of wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles. Energies, 16.10.3390/en16052138 ↗
25. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in underground coal mines: A literature review and practical considerations
26. Megahed, T.F., Mansour, D.-E.A., Nayebare, D., Kotb, M.F., Fares, A., Hameed, I.A., and El-Hussieny, H. (2024). Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles using pv units in highways. World Electr. Veh. J., 15.10.3390/wevj15100463 ↗
27. Amin, I.K., Islam, M.N., Hasan, M.K., Jaman, A., and Uddin, M.N. (November, January 29). Design and analysis of a bidirectional wireless power transfer system for dynamic charging of electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), Nashville, TN, USA.10.1109/IAS54024.2023.10406996 ↗
28. Enabling quadruple-D compensation coil integration for efficient power transfer to receiver in wireless power transfer systems for EV charging10.1109/JESTPE.2025.3525594 ↗
29. Ahmad, R., Kumar, V., Bilal, M., and Kumari, S. (2022, January 4–6). Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) for charging application of electric vehicle. Proceedings of the 2022 1st International Conference on Sustainable Technology for Power and Energy Systems (STPES), Srinagar, India.10.1109/STPES54845.2022.10006610 ↗
30. Design and analysis of DC–DC converter and battery charging method in EV dynamic charging
31. Coil positioning based on DC pre-excitation and magnetic sensing for wireless electric vehicle charging10.1109/TIE.2020.2984435 ↗
32. EMC and EMF safety aspects of wireless power transfer systems for e-mobility10.1109/MEMC.2024.10834399 ↗
33. Solouma, N.H., Kassahun, H.B., Alsharafi, A.S., Syed, A., Gardner, M.R., and Alsharafi, S.S. (2023). An efficient design of inductive transmitter and receiver coils for wireless power transmission. Electronics, 12.10.3390/electronics12030564 ↗
34. Joint fuel-efficient vehicle platooning and data transmission scheduling for MEC-enabled cooperative vehicle-infrastructure systems10.1109/TITS.2024.3502833 ↗
35. Aurongjeb, M., Liu, Y., and Ishfaq, M. (2025). Design and simulation of inductive power transfer pad for electric vehicle charging. Energies, 18.10.3390/en18020244 ↗
36. A study of magnetic coupling characteristics of dual receiver coil for dynamic wireless power transfer10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187769 ↗
37. Applications of wireless power transfer system in motors: A review10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3409690 ↗
38. Jakubiak, K., Liang, J., Cipcigan, L., Li, C., and Wu, J. (2024). Simplified modelling techniques for dynamic wireless power transfer. Electronics, 13.10.20944/preprints202409.1231.v1 ↗
39. Receiver side-controlled load-independent S-LCC/SP-compensated multi-leg inverter powered dynamic charging system10.1109/TIE.2024.3398672 ↗
40. PV integrated multi-leg powered constant quasi-dynamic charging system for low-speed vehicles10.1038/s41598-024-70105-2 ↗
41. Enhancing efficiency and regulation current in dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles: Phase-shift control methods in resonant inductive power transfer systems10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3583200 ↗
42. Issi, F. (2025, January 20–22). Modeling and analysis of a Class-E bidirectional wireless power transfer system with phase-shift control. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE 19th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Antalya, Turkiye.10.1109/CPE-POWERENG63314.2025.11027208 ↗
43. Wang, H., and Cheng, K.W.E. (2021). An improved and integrated design of segmented dynamic wireless power transfer for electric vehicles. Energies, 14.10.3390/en14071975 ↗
44. Design, model, and control of a dynamic wireless power transfer system for a 30-kW electric vehicle charger application10.1109/JESTPE.2025.3532851 ↗
45. Tiemann, M., Stein, M., and Schmuelling, B. (2023, January 22–25). Phase control for frequency adaptation in wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023–ECCE Asia), Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.10.23919/ICPE2023-ECCEAsia54778.2023.10213899 ↗
46. Secondary-side switching control for efficient constant-current dynamic wireless charging10.1155/ijap/7315316 ↗
47. Shahriari, K., Sadeghian, S., Fooman, S.F., and Abrishamifar, A. (2024, January 14–16). Primary-side nonlinear model predictive control for dynamic wireless power transfer system in electric vehicles. Proceedings of the 2024 32nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran.10.1109/ICEE63041.2024.10667927 ↗
48. Dong, S., and Lu, M. (2025). Assessment of electromagnetic exposure levels for humans from electric vehicle DC charging stations. Sensors, 25.10.3390/s25185735 ↗
49. Jeschke, P., Alteköster, C., Hansson Mild, K., Israel, M., Ivanova, M., Schiessl, K., Shalamanova, T., Soyka, F., Stam, R., and Wilén, J. (2022). Protection of workers exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A perspective on open questions in the context of the new ICNIRP 2020 guidelines. Front. Public Health, 10.10.3389/fpubh.2022.875946 ↗
50. Interoperability and misalignment tolerance of electric vehicle wireless charging system based on multiple self-decoupled transmitting coils and vector synthesis strategy10.1109/TPEL.2025.3526136 ↗
51. Coil parameter analysis for inductively coupled wireless charging for electric vehicles10.3390/vehicles6010021 ↗