Review of Numerical Modeling Methods of Transpiration Cooling Within Aerospace Applications
Source abstract
Abstract
Among the various active cooling methods, transpiration cooling currently attracts significant attention because of its efficient cooling effect and less coolant consumption, in applications such as the combustion chamber of the rockets, turbine blades, leading edges of a hypersonic vehicle, etc. With the development of advanced manufacturing technology and extremely high thermal protection demand, transpiration cooling has become more promising in the future thermal management of aerospace high-temperature components. Compared with other CFD simulations, the calculation of transpiration cooling is more complex, which couples heat transfer and fluid flow in porous media, phase change, etc. This work reviews the mathematical modeling of transpiration cooling in aerospace applications, which mainly includes four aspects: structural modeling of porous media, heat transfer modeling, turbulence modeling, and phase change modeling. For each aspect, the modeling details are provided and the advantage and limitations of each modeling method is summarized. Finally, this paper analyzes the current challenges and future research directions for transpiration cooling.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media · Heat transfer and supercritical fluids · Heat Transfer and Optimization
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Research Institute of Aerospace Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
Funding
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China
References (90)
Show source-provided references
1. A fractal resistance model for flow through porous media10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.02.009 ↗
2. Flow and heat transfer characteristic of regenerative cooling channels using supercritical CO2 with circular tetrahedral lattice structures10.1016/j.csite.2025.106204 ↗
3. Dalmont, V. (1856). Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon: Exposition et Application des Principes À Suivre et des Formules À Employer Dans Les Questions de Distribution D’eau: Ouvrage Terminé Par Un Appendice Relatif Aux Fournitures D’eau de Plusieurs Villes, Au Filtrage des Eaux et À La Fabrication des Tuyaux de Fonte, de Plomb, de Tôle et de Bitume, Victor Dalmont.
4. Wasserbewegung durch boden
5. A Biphasic Continuum Approach for Viscoelastic High-Porosity Foams: Comprehensive Theory, Numerics, and Application10.1007/s11831-008-9023-0 ↗
6. A calculation of the viscous force exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of particles10.1007/BF02120313 ↗
7. Numerical investigation on the performances of porous matrix with transpiration and film cooling10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.134 ↗
8. Numerical investigation on a double layer combined cooling structure for aerodynamic heat control of hypersonic vehicle leading edge10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.114949 ↗
9. Transpiration cooling of high pressure turbine vane with optimized porosity distribution10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119831 ↗
10. Numerical investigation of transpiration cooling for porous nose cone with liquid coolant10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.029 ↗
11. Optimization transpiration cooling of nose cone with non-uniform permeability10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.07.134 ↗
12. Numerical boundary layer investigations of transpiration-cooled turbulent channel flow10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.02.075 ↗
13. Two-medium treatment of heat transfer in porous media: Numerical results for effective properties10.1016/S0309-1708(96)00024-3 ↗
14. Critical review on local thermal equilibrium and local thermal non-equilibrium approaches for the analysis of forced convective flow through porous media10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.105889 ↗
15. Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer interfacial conditions between a porous medium and a fluid layer10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00217-9 ↗
16. Convective flow and heat transfer in variable-porosity media10.1017/S002211208400207X ↗
17. Boundary and inertia effects on flow and heat transfer in porous media10.1016/0017-9310(81)90027-2 ↗
18. Effects of viscous dissipation and boundary conditions on forced convection in a channel occupied by a saturated porous medium10.1007/s11242-006-9049-4 ↗
19. On the paradox of heat conduction in porous media subject to lack of local thermal equilibrium10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.03.017 ↗
20. Turbulence model for flow through porous media10.1016/0017-9310(95)00353-3 ↗
21. Forced convection in bidisperse porous media incorporating viscous dissipation10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.036 ↗
22. Numerical simulation of laminar forced convection in horizontal pipe partially or completely filled with porous material10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.03.003 ↗
23. Heat transfer enhancements in heat exchangers fitted with porous media Part I: Constant wall temperature10.1016/S1290-0729(02)00039-X ↗
24. The effect of porous insert position on the enhanced heat transfer in partially filled channels10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.04.027 ↗
25. Analytical Investigation of the Effect of Viscous Dissipation on Couette Flow in a Channel Partially Filled with a Porous Medium10.1007/s11242-011-9755-4 ↗
26. Forced convection heat and mass transfer flow of a nanofluid through a porous channel with a first order chemical reaction on the wall10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2013.05.001 ↗
27. Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in an asymmetric porous channel with expanding or contracting wall10.1016/j.molliq.2014.02.024 ↗
28. MHD flow and radiation heat transfer of nanofluids in porous media with variable surface heat flux and chemical reaction10.1016/j.apm.2014.05.023 ↗
29. Implication of corrugation profile on thermo-hydraulic characteristics of Cu-water nanofluid flow through partially filled porous channel10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105329 ↗
30. Convective heat transfer flow of nanofluid in a porous medium over wavy surface10.1016/j.physleta.2018.06.026 ↗
31. Numerical study of forced convection flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid flowing inside a straight circular pipe filled with a saturated porous medium10.1140/epjp/i2016-16078-6 ↗
32. Numerical analysis on laminar forced convection improvement of hybrid nanofluid within a U-bend pipe in porous media10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105659 ↗
33. Experimental study of convective heat transfer of a nanofluid through a pipe filled with metal foam10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.08.013 ↗
34. Analysis of Energy and Momentum Transport for Fluid Flow Through a Porous Bed10.1115/1.2910442 ↗
35. Analysis of temperature gradient bifurcation in porous media—An exact solution10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.060 ↗
36. Analysis of dispersion effects and non-thermal equilibrium, non-Darcian, variable porosity incompressible flow through porous media10.1016/0017-9310(94)90219-4 ↗
37. Thermal nonequilibrium, non-darcian forced convection in a channel filled with a fluid saturated porous medium—A perturbation solution10.1007/BF02529439 ↗
38. Analytical characterization and conceptual assessment of solid and fluid temperature differentials in porous media10.1016/S0017-9310(98)00185-9 ↗
39. Local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model for developed flow in porous media with spatially-varying Biot number10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120538 ↗
40. An Analysis of Thermal Radiation in Porous Media Under Local Thermal Non-equilibrium10.1007/s11242-020-01408-x ↗
41. Local thermal nonequilibrium effects in forced convection in a porous medium channel: A conjugate problem10.1016/S0017-9310(98)00386-X ↗
42. Analysis of variants within the porous media transport models10.1115/1.521468 ↗
43. Numerical investigation of forced convection heat transfer in porous media using a thermal non-equilibrium model10.1016/S0142-727X(00)00066-7 ↗
44. A numerical study of interfacial convective heat transfer coefficient in two-energy equation model for convection in porous media10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00166-6 ↗
45. On the effects of internal heat sources upon forced convection in porous channels with asymmetric thick walls10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.02.016 ↗
46. Effect of solid thermal conductivity and particle-particle contact on effective thermodiffusion coefficient in porous media10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.06.016 ↗
47. The effect of porous media particle size on forced convection from a circular cylinder without assuming local thermal equilibrium between phases10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.007 ↗
48. Numerical investigation and optimization of flat plate transpiration-film combined cooling structure10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107673 ↗
49. Numerical investigation on the characteristics of cavity-transpiration combined cooling for hypersonic vehicle leading edge10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120275 ↗
50. Numerical investigation on transpiration cooling performance with different porosities and mainstream pressure gradients10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107991 ↗
51. Numerical investigation on transpiration cooling performance of turbine blades with non-uniform porosity10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121394 ↗
52. Flow characterization of microscale effusion and transpiration air cooling on single blade10.1016/j.csite.2022.101863 ↗
53. Assessment of Multiphysics Computations of Flow over a Film-Cooled Plate10.2514/1.T7062 ↗
54. Advances and challenges of applied large-eddy simulation10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.12.003 ↗
55. Large-eddy simulation: Past, present and the future10.1016/j.cja.2014.12.007 ↗
56. Xi, W., Liu, P., Shao, Q., Guo, W., and Liu, J. (2024). Parametric Study of Flow and Combustion Characteristic in a Cavitied Scramjet with Multi-Position Injection. Fire, 7.10.3390/fire7060176 ↗
57. Large-eddy simulation of a turbulent boundary layer with blowing10.1007/s00162-004-0110-z ↗
58. Large eddy simulation of film cooling flow from a fanshaped hole10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.088 ↗
59. Large-eddy simulation of transpiration cooling in turbulent channel with porous wall10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.09.056 ↗
60. Flow structure and heat transfer of transpiration cooling by using a LBM: The effects of wall blowing and spatially nonuniform injection10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105491 ↗
61. Wilcox, D. (2006). Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries, Inc.. [3rd ed.].
62. New scaling laws for turbulent Poiseuille flow with wall transpiration10.1017/jfm.2014.98 ↗
63. DNS of a turbulent Couette flow at constant wall transpiration up to Reτ = 100010.1017/jfm.2017.757 ↗
64. Cerminara, A., Deiterding, R., and Sandham, N. (2018, January 11–15). Direct Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic Flow Through Regular and Irregular Porous Surfaces. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Glasgow, UK.
65. Effusion Cooling and Flow Tripping in Laminar Supersonic Boundary-Layer Flow10.2514/1.J053251 ↗
66. DNS of turbulent flat-plate flow with transpiration cooling10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119972 ↗
67. Numerical investigation on the transient transport and heat transfer characteristics of transpiration cooling with liquid phase change during coolant adjustment10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118277 ↗
68. Bear, J. (2013). Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Courier Corporation.
69. Numerical Algorithm for Problems Involving Boiling and Natural Convection in Porous Materials10.1080/10407799008961730 ↗
70. Chavent, G. A new formulation of diphasic incompressible flows in porous media. Proceedings of the Applications of Methods of Functional Analysis to Problems in Mechanics.
71. Finite element solution of multi-dimensional two-phase flow through porous media with arbitrary heating conditions10.1016/0301-9322(90)90103-P ↗
72. Numerical investigation of vapor-liquid heat and mass transfer in porous media10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.047 ↗
73. Transient heat dissipation performances of transpiration cooling with coolant phase change10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106082 ↗
74. A two-phase mixture model of liquid-gas flow and heat transfer in capillary porous media—I. Formulation10.1016/0017-9310(93)90094-M ↗
75. A Fixed-Grid Numerical Algorithm for Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media10.1080/10407799708915000 ↗
76. Simulation of complete liquid vapour phase change process inside porous evaporator using local thermal non-equilibrium model10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.03.007 ↗
77. Modelling and investigation on heat transfer deterioration during transpiration cooling with liquid coolant phase-change10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.155 ↗
78. Simulation of liquid-vapour phase change process inside porous media using modified enthalpy formulation10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.02.014 ↗
79. Transient behavior of fluid flow and heat transfer with phase change in vertical porous channels10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.07.039 ↗
80. Numerical simulation of complete liquid-vapour phase change process inside porous media: A comparison between local thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium models10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.09.014 ↗
81. Numerical investigation of complete evaporation process inside porous evaporator using staggered and non-staggered grid arrangements10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.02.022 ↗
82. Numerical investigation of transient phase-change transpiration cooling based on variable properties of coolant10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116204 ↗
83. Numerical investigation on transpiration cooling with coolant phase change under hypersonic conditions10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.123 ↗
84. Numerical investigation of two-phase flow in anisotropic porous evaporator10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.08.026 ↗
85. Numerical investigation of two-phase flow in a horizontal porous evaporator with localised heating using non-Darcian flow and two equations model10.1007/s00231-019-02784-x ↗
86. Numerical investigation on the characteristics of coolant flow, heat absorption and phase change in transpiration cooling process10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.04.017 ↗
87. Transient behaviour of heat transfer with complete evaporation process in Porous Channel with localised heating using non-Darcian flow and LTNE model10.1007/s00231-021-03080-3 ↗
88. Numerical investigation on the effects of porous cone parameters on liquid transpiration cooling performance10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106743 ↗
89. A New Model and its Application to Investigate Transpiration Cooling with Liquid Coolant Phase Change10.1007/s11242-017-0963-4 ↗
90. Transient model and its application to investigate the injection mode and periodical operation of transpiration cooling with liquid coolant phase change10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115956 ↗