journal article·2025-08-22Open access

Leveraging Network Analysis and NLP for Intelligent Data Mining of Taxonomies and Folksonomies of PornHub

Jan Sawicki, Loizos Bitsikokos, Yulia Belinskaya, Maria Ganzha, Marcin Paprzycki

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 17

Abstract

This study explores graph-based methods to model and analyze the semantic interplay between editorial taxonomies and user-generated folksonomies on the PornHub platform, using a dataset of over 97,000 videos (2015–2024). We construct and examine a graph of user-assigned tags and platform-defined categories, applying the Leiden community detection algorithm to uncover latent semantic groupings. To enrich the graph structure, we embed textual metadata using state-of-the-art language models (Qwen3-Embedding-4B and all-MiniLM-L6-v2), enabling the integration of natural language processing within graph-based learning. Our analysis reveals that folksonomies partially align with taxonomies through synonymous structures but also diverge by capturing nuanced attributes such as body features and aesthetic styles. These asymmetries highlight how folksonomies introduce higher-resolution semantic layers absent from fixed-category systems. By fusing graph mining, NLP-driven embeddings, and network-based clustering, this work contributes a hybrid methodology for semantic knowledge extraction in large-scale, user-generated content. It offers implications for graph-based recommendation, content moderation, and metadata enrichment—demonstrating the utility of graph-centric AI techniques in real-world multimedia data settings.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Data Mining Algorithms and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Plac Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland

Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Media and Digital Technologies, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, Campus-Platz 1, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria

Polish Academy of Sciences, Pałac Kultury i Nauki pl. Defilad 1, 00-901 Warszawa, Poland

References (34)

Show source-provided references
1. Internet categorization and search: A self-organizing approach10.1006/jvci.1996.0008 ↗
2. Mejia-Escobar, C., Cazorla, M., and Martinez-Martin, E. (2022). Webpage Categorization Using Deep Learning. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications (SOCO 2021), Bilbao, Spain, 22–24 September 2021, Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-87869-6_34 ↗
3. Automatic Topic-Based Web Page Classification Using Deep Learning
4. Vörös, T., Bergeron, S.P., and Berlin, K. (2023, January 26–29). Web content filtering through knowledge distillation of large language models. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT), Venice, Italy.10.1109/WI-IAT59888.2023.00058 ↗
5. Bitsikokos, L. (2024). Living in the Hub: A Platform Study of Desire Semantics. [Master’s Thesis, University of Chicago].
6. Tagging and sexual boundaries10.5771/0943-7444-2012-5-320 ↗
7. A Study of Subject Headings vs. User Generated Tags10.17821/srels/2022/v59i3/168523 ↗
8. Comparison of User-generated Tags with Subject Descriptors, Author Keywords, and Title Terms of Scholarly Journal Articles: A Case Study of Marine Science
9. Pornhub Insights Team (2025, August 01). Pornhub 2023 Year in Review. Available online: https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2023-year-in-review.
10. Traag, V.A., Waltman, L., and Van Eck, N.J. (2019). From Louvain to Leiden: Guaranteeing well-connected communities. Sci. Rep., 9.10.1038/s41598-019-41695-z ↗
11. Zhang, Y., Li, M., Long, D., Zhang, X., Lin, H., Yang, B., Xie, P., Yang, A., Liu, D., and Lin, J. (2025). Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Models. arXiv.
12. Reimers, N., and Gurevych, I. (2019). Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks. arXiv.10.18653/v1/D19-1410 ↗
13. Jiang, A.Q., Sablayrolles, A., Mensch, A., Bamford, C., Chaplot, D.S., de Las Casas, D., Bressand, F., Lengyel, G., Lample, G., and Saulnier, L. (2023). Mistral 7B. arXiv.
14. The platformization of gender and sexual identities: An algorithmic analysis of Pornhub10.1080/23268743.2022.2066566 ↗
15. Deep tags: Toward a quantitative analysis of online pornography10.1080/23268743.2014.888214 ↗
16. Hypercategorization and hypersexualization: How webcam platforms organize performers and performances10.1177/13634607231170174 ↗
17. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., and Dean, J. (2013, January 2–4). Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space. Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
18. Eklund, P., Goodall, P., Wray, T., Daniel, V., and Van Olffen, M. (2009, January 9–12). Folksonomy with practical taxonomy, a design for social metadata of the virtual museum of the pacific. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Hanoi, Vietnam.
19. Analysing and Examining Taxonomy and Folksonomy Terms in the Hybrid Subject Device using Machine Learning Techniques10.14429/djlit.42.3.17554 ↗
20. Tracking adult content consumption: Pornhub as a case study
21. ‘No coronavirus can leave us without sex’: Relations of complicity and solidarity on Pornhub10.1080/23268743.2022.2085161 ↗
22. Understanding web pornography usage from traffic analysis10.1016/j.comnet.2021.107909 ↗
23. Nieborg, D.B., Poell, T., and van Dijck, J. (2022). Platforms and platformization. The SAGE Handbook of the Digital Media Economy, SAGE.10.4135/9781529757170.n4 ↗
24. Convergence culture, 200810.1177/1354856507084415 ↗
25. Heise, A.H.H., Hongladarom, S., Jobin, A., Kinder-Kurlanda, K., Sun, S., Lim, E.L., Markham, A., Reilly, P.J., Tiidenberg, K., and Wilhelm, C. (2025, July 01). Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0, Available online: https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf.
26. Comparison between Louvain and Leiden algorithm for network structure: A review10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012028 ↗
27. Sawicki, J., Ganzha, M., and Paprzycki, M. (2024). Application of Natural Language Processing And Temporal Networks To Analysis of Evolution of Reddit Communities. J. Autom. Mob. Robot. Intell. Syst., in press.
28. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008 ↗
29. Wang, W., Wei, F., Dong, L., Bao, H., Yang, N., and Zhou, M. (2020). MiniLM: Deep Self-Attention Distillation for Task-Agnostic Compression of Pre-Trained Transformers. arXiv.10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.188 ↗
30. Reimers, N., and Gurevych, I. (2020). Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillation. arXiv.10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.365 ↗
31. Hinton, G.E., and Roweis, S. (2002). Stochastic neighbor embedding. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 15.
32. Saunders, R. (2021). Bodies of Work: The Labour of Sex in the Digital Age, Palgrave Macmillan. [1st ed., 2020 ed.].10.1007/978-3-030-49016-4 ↗
33. A finding aid to the pornographic imaginary: Implications of amateur classifications on/by reddit’s NSFW41110.1080/23268743.2020.1830590 ↗
34. Bowker, G., and Star, S.L. (1999). Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences, The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/6352.001.0001 ↗