journal article·2023-04-24Open access

An Exploration of Robot-Mediated Tai Chi Exercise for Older Adults

Zhi Zheng, Hyunkyoung Oh, Mayesha Mim, Wonchan Choi, Yura Lee

Applied Sciences· Volume 13· Issue 9

Abstract

In this fast-aging society, many older adults fail to meet the required level of exercise due to trainer shortages. Therefore, we developed a robot tutor to investigate the feasibility of robot-mediated exercise for older adults. Twenty older adults participated in an experimental study. A pre-exercise survey was used to assess their background. Each participant experienced a 30-min robot-led Tai Chi exercise followed by a post-exercise survey to evaluate the easiness of following the robot and expectations for future robot design. Participants’ Tai Chi performances were evaluated in terms of completion and accuracy. Associations between the surveys and the performance were also analyzed. All participants completed the study. Fifteen out of the twenty subjects had at least one chronic condition, and most practiced Tai Chi before the study but had never interacted with a robot. On average, the participants scored 93.09 and 85.21 out of 100 for movement completion and accuracy, respectively. Their initial movement accuracy was correlated with their attitude towards exercise. Most subjects reported that they could follow the robot’s movements and speeches well and were interested in using a robot tutor in the community. The study demonstrated the initial feasibility of robot-led Tai Chi exercise for older adults.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery · Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention · Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA

College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA

College of Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA

School of Information Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA

Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA

Funding

University of Wisconsin Milwaukee

References (46)

Show source-provided references
1. ACL (2021). 2020 Profile of Older Americans, ACL.
2. ACL (2022). Projected Future Growth of Older Population, ACL.
3. Exercise and Older Adults10.1016/j.cger.2017.08.007 ↗
4. Impact of Exercise Training on Physical and Cognitive Function among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.007 ↗
5. Lotfi, A., Langensiepen, C., and Yahaya, S.W. (2018). Socially Assistive Robotics: Robot Exercise Trainer for Older Adults. Technologies, 6.10.3390/technologies6010032 ↗
6. Home-based Training Strategy to Maintain Muscle Function in Older Adults with Diabetes during COVID-19 Confinement10.1111/1753-0407.13051 ↗
7. Effectiveness of EHealth Interventions for the Promotion of Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.026 ↗
8. A Social Robot Intervention on Depression, Loneliness, and Quality of Life for Taiwanese Older Adults in Long-Term Care10.1017/S1041610220000459 ↗
9. The Impact of Robotic Companion Pets on Depression and Loneliness for Older Adults with Dementia during the COVID-19 Pandemic10.1177/08980101211064605 ↗
10. You’ve Got a Friend in Me: Sociable Robots for Older Adults in an Age of Global Pandemics10.1007/s10676-020-09546-y ↗
11. Zuckerman, O., Walker, D., Grishko, A., Moran, T., Levy, C., Lisak, B., Wald, I.Y., and Erel, H. (2020, January 23). Companionship Is Not a Function: The Effect of a Novel Robotic Object on Healthy Older Adults’ Feelings of” Being-Seen”. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany.10.1145/3313831.3376411 ↗
12. Moyle, W., Murfield, J., and Lion, K. (2022). Therapeutic Use of the Humanoid Robot, Telenoid, with Older Adults: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis Review. Assist. Technol., 1–8.10.1080/10400435.2022.2060375 ↗
13. Thunberg, S., Angström, F., Carsting, T., Faber, P., Gummesson, J., Henne, A., Mastell, D., Mjörnman, J., Tell, J., and Ziemke, T. (2021, January 8–11). A Wizard of Oz Approach to Robotic Therapy for Older Adults with Depressive Symptoms. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Boulder, CO, USA.10.1145/3434074.3447179 ↗
14. The Usability and Impact of a Low-Cost Pet Robot for Older Adults and People with Dementia: Qualitative Content Analysis of User Experiences and Perceptions on Consumer Websites10.2196/29224 ↗
15. The Effectiveness of Social Robots for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies10.1093/geront/gny046 ↗
16. Home-Based Cognitively Assistive Robots: Maximizing Cognitive Functioning and Maintaining Independence in Older Adults without Dementia10.2147/CIA.S253236 ↗
17. Powers, A., Kiesler, S., Fussell, S., and Torrey, C. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Arlington, VA, USA, 9–11 March 2007.
18. Wainer, J., Feil-Seifer, D.J., Shell, D.A., and Mataric, M.J. (2007, January 26–29). Embodiment and Human-Robot Interaction: A Task-Based Perspective. Proceedings of the RO-MAN 2007—The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Jeju, Republic of Korea.10.1109/ROMAN.2007.4415207 ↗
19. Factors Affecting the Acceptability of Social Robots by Older Adults Including People with Dementia or Cognitive Impairment: A Literature Review10.1007/s12369-018-0471-x ↗
20. Potential of Telepresence Robots to Enhance Social Connectedness in Older Adults with Dementia: An Integrative Review of Feasibility10.1017/S1041610217001776 ↗
21. The Attitudes and Perceptions of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment toward an Assistive Robot10.1177/0733464813515092 ↗
22. The Humanoid Robot NAO as Trainer in a Memory Program for Elderly People with Mild Cognitive Impairment10.1007/s12369-019-00533-y ↗
23. “Are We Ready for Robots That Care for Us?” Attitudes and Opinions of Older Adults toward Socially Assistive Robots10.3389/fnagi.2015.00141 ↗
24. Impacts of Low-Cost Robotic Pets for Older Adults and People with Dementia: Scoping Review10.2196/25340 ↗
25. Tai Chi Chuan: An ancient wisdom on exercise and health promotion10.2165/00007256-200232040-00001 ↗
26. Effect of Tai Chi on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis10.1111/jgs.12611 ↗
27. Comparing Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Pain, Activities of Daily Living, and Fear of Falling in Women with Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis10.5953/JMJH.2011.18.2.137 ↗
28. A Structural Equation Model of Quality of Life in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea10.1016/j.apnr.2013.04.001 ↗
29. Tai Chi on Psychological Well-Being: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Complement
30. Effects of Tai Chi Mind-Body Movement Therapy on Functional Status and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.016 ↗
31. Siu, M., and Lee, D.T.F. (2018). Effects of Tai Chi on Cognition and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Community Dwelling Older People with Mild Cognitive Impairment. BMC Geriatr., 18.10.1186/s12877-018-0720-8 ↗
32. Tai Ji Quan and Global Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study10.1016/j.archger.2013.12.003 ↗
33. Lewis, L., Metzler, T., and Cook, L. (2016). Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications, Springer.
34. Pandey, D., Subedi, A., and Mishra, D. (2022, January 9–12). Improving Language Skills and Encouraging Reading Habits in Primary Education: A Pilot Study Using NAO Robot. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII), Narvik, Norway.10.1109/SII52469.2022.9708843 ↗
35. (2023, April 01). NAO Robot. Available online: https://www.softbankrobotics.com/emea/en/nao.
36. Ho, Y., Sato-Shimokawara, E., Yamaguchi, T., and Tagawa, N. (September, January 28). A Pre-Investigation for Social Robotics for Older Adults Based on User Expectations. Proceedings of the 2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), Lisbon, Portugal.10.1109/ROMAN.2017.8172466 ↗
37. A Robotic Coach Architecture for Elder Care (ROCARE) Based on Multi-User Engagement Models10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2608791 ↗
38. Robotic System for Physical Training of Older Adults10.1007/s12369-020-00697-y ↗
39. Shall I Compare Thee… to a Robot? An Exploratory Pilot Study Using Participatory Arts and Social Robotics to Improve Psychological Well-Being in Later Life10.1080/13607863.2019.1699016 ↗
40. Community-Based Yang-Style Tai Chi Is Safe and Feasible in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study10.1177/0269215511419381 ↗
41. (2023, April 01). Orbbec Astra. Available online: https://orbbec3d.com/product-astra-pro/.
42. 2022 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures
43. Effects of Wheelchair Tai Chi on Physical and Mental Health among Elderly with Disability10.1080/15438627.2016.1191487 ↗
44. Three-Dimensional Cameras and Skeleton Pose Tracking for Physical Function Assessment: A Review of Uses, Validity, Current Developments and Kinect Alternatives10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.029 ↗
45. Friends from the Future: A Scoping Review of Research into Robots and Computer Agents to Combat Loneliness in Older People10.2147/CIA.S282709 ↗
46. Effects of Tai Chi on Cognition and Fall Risk in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial10.1111/jgs.14594 ↗