journal article·2024-09-11Open access

The Usage of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Underwater Archeology

Kinga Korniejenko, Bartosz Kontny

Applied Sciences· Volume 14· Issue 18

Abstract

Currently, virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) technologies are becoming more and more widely used in various fields of human activity, including archeology. The aim of this article is to analyze the possibilities of using VR and AR technologies in broadly understood activities related to underwater archeology. This work is a review and presents current applications of VR and AR in underwater archeology based on case studies. This paper presents the development of VR and AR technologies, including in the field of underwater archaeology, and generally describes the process of creating VR and AR applications for underwater archeology purposes, with particular emphasis on data collection methods. Then, the areas of application of these technologies in underwater archeology and related areas were generally presented and the barriers to their use were discussed. The most important part of the work is a discussion of the use of VR and AR in underwater archeology based on the selected case studies. The article ends with a summary of the current state and a discussion of the possibilities of developing virtual technologies in the applications of underwater archeology.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Augmented Reality Applications · Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization · Maritime and Coastal Archaeology

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 31-864 Cracow, Poland

Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 00-546 Warsaw, Poland

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. A Hybrid Augmented Reality Guide for Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites10.1007/s00779-019-01354-6 ↗
2. Access to Complex Reality-Based 3D Models Using Virtual Reality Solutions10.1016/j.culher.2016.09.003 ↗
3. Liritzis, I., and Korka, E. (2019). Archaeometry’s Role in Cultural Heritage Sustainability and Development. Sustainability, 11.10.3390/su11071972 ↗
4. State of the Art and Applications in Archaeological Underwater 3D Recording and Mapping10.1016/j.culher.2018.02.017 ↗
5. Benjamin, J., O’Leary, M., McDonald, J., Wiseman, C., McCarthy, J., Beckett, E., Morrison, P., Stankiewicz, F., Leach, J., and Hacker, J. (2023). Correction: Aboriginal Artefacts on the Continental Shelf Reveal Ancient Drowned Cultural Landscapes in Northwest Australia. PLoS ONE, 18.10.1371/journal.pone.0287490 ↗
6. Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater Archaeological Sites: SASMAP10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W7-173-2015 ↗
7. The next Frontiers in Research on Submerged Prehistoric Sites and Landscapes on the Continental Shelf10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.04.008 ↗
8. Cost-Effective Deep Water Archaeology: Preliminary Investigations in Trondheim Harbour10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01457.x ↗
9. Virtual and Augmented Reality Tools to Improve the Exploitation of Underwater Archaeological Sites by Diver and Non-Diver Tourists
10. The enhancement of underwater cultural heritage assets using augmented reality (AR)10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W10-119-2019 ↗
11. Zhang, J., Wan Yahaya, W.A.J., and Sanmugam, M. (2024). The Impact of Immersive Technologies on Cultural Heritage: A Bibliometric Study of VR, AR, and MR Applications. Sustainability, 16.10.3390/su16156446 ↗
12. Kavoura, A., Kefallonitis, E., and Theodoridis, P. (2020). Intelligent Ticket with Augmented Reality Applications for Archaeological Sites. Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism, Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-030-36126-6 ↗
13. Visualizing and Assessing Hypotheses for Marine Archaeology in a VR CAVE Environment10.1145/2665072 ↗
14. A Holistic User-Centered Approach to Immersive Digital Cultural Heritage Installations: Case Vrouw Maria10.1145/2637485 ↗
15. Catsambis, A., Ford, B., and Hamilton, D.L. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology, Oxford University Press. First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback.
16. Wykorzystanie wirtualnej rzeczywistości jako nowoczesnego narzędzia wsparcia w kształceniu inżynierów
17. Lee, L.-K., Wei, X., Chui, K.T., Cheung, S.K.S., Wang, F.L., Fung, Y.-C., Lu, A., Hui, Y.K., Hao, T., and U, L.H. (2024). A Systematic Review of the Design of Serious Games for Innovative Learning: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, or Mixed Reality?. Electronics, 13.10.3390/electronics13050890 ↗
18. Arena, F., Collotta, M., Pau, G., and Termine, F. (2022). An Overview of Augmented Reality. Computers, 11.10.3390/computers11020028 ↗
19. KnowledgeNile (2024, August 05). Virtual Reality History: Complete Timeline Explained. Available online: https://www.knowledgenile.com/blogs/virtual-reality-history-complete-timeline-explained.
20. iB Cricket (2024, August 05). The Story of Virtual Reality. Available online: https://ib.cricket/the-story-of-virtual-reality/.
21. Lee, N. (2024). History of Virtual Reality. Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games, Springer International Publishing.
22. Furht, B. (2011). Augmented Reality: An Overview. Handbook of Augmented Reality, Springer.10.1007/978-1-4614-0064-6 ↗
23. Schuster, C.M., and Moloney, M.J. (2021, January 22–25). The Future of Virtual Reality in Education. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers, Wuhan, China.10.1145/3498765.3498778 ↗
24. Virtual Reality Society (2024, August 05). History of Virtual Reality. Available online: https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html.
25. Recent Trends in Computer Applications in Archaeology10.1007/BF02446083 ↗
26. McCarthy, J., and Martin, K. (2019, January 16–19). Virtual Reality for Maritime Archaeology in 2.5D: A Virtual Dive on a Flute Wreck of 1659 in Iceland. Proceedings of the 2019 23rd International Conference in Information Visualization—Part II, Adelaide, Australia.10.1109/IV-2.2019.00030 ↗
27. Augmented Reality in Science Laboratories: The Effects of Augmented Reality on University Students’ Laboratory Skills and Attitudes toward Science Laboratories10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.054 ↗
28. Introduction to This Special Issue on Smart Glasses10.1515/icom-2016-0028 ↗
29. A Critical Review of Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) Applications in Construction Safety10.1016/j.autcon.2017.11.003 ↗
30. Rekimoto, J., and Ayatsuka, Y. (2000, January 12–14). CyberCode: Designing Augmented Reality Environments with Visual Tags. Proceedings of the DARE 2000 on Designing Augmented Reality Environments, Elsinore, Denmark.10.1145/354666.354667 ↗
31. 3D modelling and mapping for virtual exploration of underwater archaeology assets10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-425-2017 ↗
32. Bikonis, K. (2007). Algorytmy Rekonstrukcji Kształtu dna Morskiego i Trójwymiarowa Wizualizacja Obiektów Podwodnych. [Ph.D. Thesis, Politechnika Gdańska].
33. The Rise of 3D in Maritime Archaeology10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5_1 ↗
34. Virtual and Augmented Reality for Cultural Computing and Heritage: A Case Study of Virtual Exploration of Underwater Archaeological Sites (Preprint)10.1007/s10055-010-0176-4 ↗
35. Bekler, M., Yilmaz, M., and Ilgın, H.E. (2024). Assessing Feature Importance in Eye-Tracking Data within Virtual Reality Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14146042 ↗
36. (2024, August 01). Usidus Mirosław Rozkwit Techniki Pokazywania Więcej niż w Rzeczywistości. Młody Tech. Available online: https://mlodytechnik.pl/technika/30486-rozkwit-techniki-pokazywania-wiecej-niz-w-rzeczywistosci.
37. Project iMARECULTURE: Advanced VR, iMmersive Serious Games and Augmented REality as Tools to Raise Awareness and Access to European Underwater CULTURal heritagE
38. Jain, D., Sra, M., Guo, J., Marques, R., Wu, R., Chiu, J., and Schmandt, C. (2016, January 7–12). Immersive Terrestrial Scuba Diving Using Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.10.1145/2851581.2892503 ↗
39. Amfibian Amfibian Scuba VR (2024, August 05). VR Simulator to Experience Scuba Diving Virtually in a Terrestrial Setting. Available online: https://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~sra/amphibian.html.
40. Plecher, D.A., Keil, L., Kost, G., Fiederling, M., Eichhorn, C., and Klinker, G. (2022). Exploring Underwater Archaeology Findings with a Diving Simulator in Virtual Reality. Front. Virtual Real., 3.10.3389/frvir.2022.901335 ↗
41. Virtual Reality Applied to Heritage in Higher Education—Validation of a Questionnaire to Evaluate Usability, Learning, and Emotions10.3390/heritage7060132 ↗
42. Multi-Resolution Morpho-Bathymetric Survey Results at the Pozzuoli–Baia Underwater Archaeological Site (Naples, Italy)10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.035 ↗
43. Multi-Proxy Analysis of Relative Sea-Level and Paleoshoreline Changes during the Last 2300 Years in the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Southern Italy10.1016/j.quaint.2021.03.039 ↗
44. Ferreira, F., Machado, D., Ferri, G., Dugelay, S., and Potter, J. (2016, January 19–23). Underwater Optical and Acoustic Imaging: A Time for Fusion? A Brief Overview of the State-of-the-Art. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey, Monterey, CA, USA.10.1109/OCEANS.2016.7761354 ↗
45. Polymenis, I., Haroutunian, M., Norman, R., and Trodden, D. (2022). Virtual Underwater Datasets for Autonomous Inspections. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.10.3390/jmse10091289 ↗
46. González-Merino, R., Sánchez-López, E., Romero, P.E., Rodero, J., and Hidalgo-Fernández, R.E. (2021). Low-Cost Prototype to Automate the 3D Digitization of Pieces: An Application Example and Comparison. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21082580 ↗
47. The progress of survey techniques in underwater sites: The case study of cape stoba shipwreck10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W10-69-2019 ↗
48. Studying Relative Sea Level Change and Correlative Adaptation of Coastal Structures on Submerged Roman Time Ruins Nearby Naples (Southern Italy)10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.011 ↗
49. Resolving Dimensions: A Comparison Between ERT Imaging and 3D Modelling of the Barge Crowie, South Australia10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5_11 ↗
50. Photogrammetric underwater and uas surveys of archaeological sites: The case study of the roman shipwreck of torre santa sabina10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-643-2021 ↗
51. Understanding underwater photogrammetry for maritime archaeology through immersive virtual reality
52. Remondino, F., and Shortis, M.R. (2015). Action Cameras and Low-Cost Aerial Vehicles in Archaeology, The International Society for Optical Engineering.
53. Mars (1564): The Initial Archaeological Investigations of a Great 16th-Century Swedish Warship10.1111/1095-9270.12210 ↗
54. At the Transition from Late Medieval to Early Modern: The Archaeology of Three Wrecks from Turkey: The archaeology of three wrecks from turkey
55. Predictive Modelling in Underwater Archaeology. A Case Based on Mesolithic Coastal Settlements in Denmark10.1163/16000390-09401044 ↗
56. Using virtual or augmented reality for the time-based study of complex underwater archaeological excavations10.5194/isprs-annals-VIII-M-1-2021-117-2021 ↗
57. Walcutt, N.L., Knörlein, B., Sgouros, T., Cetinić, I., and Omand, M.M. (2019). Virtual Reality and Oceanography: Overview, Applications, and Perspective. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.10.3389/fmars.2019.00644 ↗
58. Scollen, R., and Mason, A. (2024). Shark Dive and Hologram Zoo: Two Case Studies of Virtual Animal Encounters as Possible Models for Sustainable Wildlife Tourism. Animals, 14.10.3390/ani14060926 ↗
59. Ujkani, A., Hohnrath, P., Grundmann, R., and Burmeister, H.-C. (2024). Enhancing Maritime Navigation with Mixed Reality: Assessing Remote Pilotage Concepts and Technologies by In Situ Testing. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12.10.3390/jmse12071084 ↗
60. Quan, W., Liu, S., Cao, M., and Zhao, J. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Virtual Reality Technology for Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Neurological Conditions. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14146285 ↗
61. Significant Applications of Virtual Reality for COVID-19 Pandemic10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.011 ↗
62. Mechanical Characterization of the Structural Components of Pre-Columbian Earthen Monuments: Analysis of Bricks and Mortar from Huaca de La Luna in Perú
63. Tini, M.A., Forte, A., Girelli, V.A., Lambertini, A., Roggio, D.S., Bitelli, G., and Vittuari, L. (2024). Scan-to-HBIM-to-VR: An Integrated Approach for the Documentation of an Industrial Archaeology Building. Remote Sens., 16.10.3390/rs16152859 ↗
64. Andalib, S.Y., and Monsur, M. (2024). Co-Created Virtual Reality (VR) Modules in Landscape Architecture Education: A Mixed Methods Study Investigating the Pedagogical Effectiveness of VR. Educ. Sci., 14.10.3390/educsci14060553 ↗
65. Augmented and Virtual Reality Based Monitoring and Safety System: A Prototype IoT Platform10.1016/j.jnca.2017.03.022 ↗
66. A Survey of Industrial Augmented Reality10.1016/j.cie.2019.106159 ↗
67. The Application of Augmented Reality Technologies for the Improvement of Occupational Safety in an Industrial Environment10.1016/j.compind.2016.11.004 ↗
68. Dordio, A., Lancho, E., Merchán, M.J., and Merchán, P. (2024). Cultural Heritage as a Didactic Resource through Extended Reality: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 8.10.3390/mti8070058 ↗
69. Van Der Want, A.C., and Visscher, A.J. (2024). Virtual Reality in Preservice Teacher Education: Core Features, Advantages and Effects. Educ. Sci., 14.10.3390/educsci14060635 ↗
70. Application on Virtual Reality for Enhanced Education Learning, Military Training and Sports10.1007/s41133-019-0025-2 ↗
71. Demeco, A., Salerno, A., Gusai, M., Vignali, B., Gramigna, V., Palumbo, A., Corradi, A., Mickeviciute, G.C., and Costantino, C. (2024). The Role of Virtual Reality in the Management of Football Injuries. Medicina, 60.10.3390/medicina60061000 ↗
72. Augmented Reality Using Features Accelerated Segment Test for Learning Tajweed10.12928/telkomnika.v18i1.14750 ↗
73. Using Augmented Reality and Virtual Environments in Historic Places to Scaffold Historical Empathy10.1007/s11528-017-0234-9 ↗
74. A Systematic Literature Review of Gamification in/for Cultural Heritage: Leveling up, Going Beyond10.3390/heritage6080312 ↗
75. 3D Reconstruction and Validation of Historical Background for Immersive VR Applications and Games: The Case Study of the Forum of Augustus in Rome10.1016/j.culher.2019.12.004 ↗
76. Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain)10.3390/heritage4040151 ↗
77. Iacono, S., Scaramuzzino, M., Martini, L., Panelli, C., Zolezzi, D., Perotti, M., Traverso, A., and Vercelli, G.V. (2024). Virtual Reality in Cultural Heritage: A Setup for Balzi Rossi Museum. Appl. Sci., 14.10.20944/preprints202403.1550.v1 ↗
78. Archeoguide: An Augmented Reality Guide for Archaeological Sites10.1109/MCG.2002.1028726 ↗
79. Tourists Responses to Mobile Augmented Reality Travel Guides: The Role of Emotions on Adoption Behavior10.1016/j.pmcj.2014.08.009 ↗
80. Panou, C., Ragia, L., Dimelli, D., and Mania, K. (2018). An Architecture for Mobile Outdoors Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.10.3390/ijgi7120463 ↗
81. Evaluating and Redesigning Virtual Reality “underwater Tourism” Application Based on Heuristic Method
82. Pehlivanides, G., Monastiridis, K., Tourtas, A., Karyati, E., Ioannidis, G., Bejelou, K., Antoniou, V., and Nomikou, P. (2020). The VIRTUALDiver Project. Making Greece’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Accessible to the Public. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10228172 ↗
83. Augmented Reality Storytelling Submerged. Dry Diving to a World War II Wreck at Ancient Phalasarna, Crete10.3390/heritage4040256 ↗
84. Preliminary Methodology for the Integration of Lean Construction, BIM and Virtual Reality in the Planning Phase of Structural Intervention in Heritage Structures10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_52 ↗
85. Virtual Reality for the Enhancement of Structural Health Monitoring Experiences in Historical Constructions10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_46 ↗
86. Underwater Search and Discovery: From Serious Games to Virtual Reality
87. Enhancing Learning and Access to Underwater Cultural Heritage through Digital Technologies: The Case Study of the “Cala Minnola” Shipwreck Site
88. NatGeoTV (2024, August 05). National Geographic—Drain the Ocean: Deep Sea Mysteries. Available online: https://www.natgeotv.com/pl/programy/natgeo/wyprawa-na-dno#opis.
89. Chen, G., Yang, R., Lu, P., Chen, P., Gu, W., Wang, X., Hu, Y., and Zhang, J. (2022). How Can We Understand the Past from Now On? Three-Dimensional Modelling and Landscape Reconstruction of the Shuanghuaishu Site in the Central Plains of China. Remote Sens., 14.10.3390/rs14051233 ↗
90. Mel, K., Luca, B., Fabio, V., Varvara, A., Ugo, B., Elena, R., Fabio, M., Luca, F., Paraskevi, N., and Martin, K. (2019). Workflows for Virtual Reality Visualisation and Navigation Scenarios in Earth Sciences. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management, SciTePress.10.5220/0007765302970304 ↗
91. Lin, G., Li, G., Giordano, A., Sang, K., Stendardo, L., and Yang, X. (2024). Three-Dimensional Documentation and Reconversion of Architectural Heritage by UAV and HBIM: A Study of Santo Stefano Church in Italy. Drones, 8.10.3390/drones8060250 ↗
92. Manzollino, R., Chellini, G., La Torre, P., Malatesta, S.G., Marini, M.R., and Moricca, C. (2022, January 15–16). Archaeobotany and Bioanthropology: The Potential of VR and 3D Printing in the Enhancement of Archaeological Organic Remains. Proceedings of the Una Quantum, Rome, Italy.10.3390/proceedings2024096015 ↗
93. Lin, C.-L., Chen, S.-J., and Lin, R. (2020). Efficacy of Virtual Reality in Painting Art Exhibitions Appreciation. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10093012 ↗
94. MUZEALNICTWO MORSKIE I OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW W CHINACH10.5604/04641086.1199845 ↗
95. Comparing the Impact of Non-Gamified and Gamified Virtual Reality in Digital Twin Virtual Museum Environments: A Case Study of Wieng Yong House Museum, Thailand10.3390/heritage7040089 ↗
96. Anastasovitis, E., Georgiou, G., Matinopoulou, E., Nikolopoulos, S., Kompatsiaris, I., and Roumeliotis, M. (2024). Enhanced Inclusion through Advanced Immersion in Cultural Heritage: A Holistic Framework in Virtual Museology. Electronics, 13.10.3390/electronics13071396 ↗
97. Kinesthetic Interactions in Museums: Conveying Cultural Heritage by Making Use of Ancient Tools and (Re-) Constructing Artworks10.1007/s10055-017-0325-0 ↗
98. Stabilizing Control and Human Scale Simulation of a Submarine ROV Navigation10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.12.054 ↗
99. Methodology for Efficiency Analysis of VR Environments for Industrial Applications10.1007/978-3-319-40621-3_5 ↗
100. Virtual Reality in Maritime Archaeology Legacy Data for a Virtual Diving on the Shipwreck of the Mercurio (1812)10.1016/j.culher.2019.05.002 ↗