Recognition of Tunnel Fracture Zones in Seismic Waves and Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

Fracture zones in front of tunnel faces can easily cause falling blocks and landslides during the construction process. Using seismic waves and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, we extracted the features of fracture zones and achieved the advanced prediction of tunnel fracture zones. The energy variation in the reflected waves propagated by seismic waves at interfaces with different impedances of contact waves was found to manifest as positive and negative reflections, and the amplitude of reflected signals within the fracture zone areas thus increased. We designed a superimposed velocity spectrum, divided the areas of variation in wave velocity, and constructed the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the tunnel fracture zones. Based on the phase change, increase in amplitude, and increase in the center-frequency characteristics of the one-dimensional time waveform of the electromagnetic waves in the fault zone area (A-scan), we located the characteristic points of the fracture zones and observed the occurrence of in-phase axis misalignment in two-dimensional scanning (B-scan). We then implemented the identification of fracture zones. This method predicted the fractured area in the rock surrounding the Liangwangshan Tunnel, and during the tunnel excavation, the fracture zones appeared in the recognition area.