Comprehensive Survey on VLC in E-Healthcare: Channel Coding Schemes and Modulation Techniques
Source abstract
Abstract
The integration of information and communication technologies in the field of healthcare has generated a positive transformation in the traditional way of providing patient care, optimizing medical services, and streamlining healthcare operations. Traditionally, healthcare systems have relied on radio frequency (RF) signals for data transmission. However, the conventional RF wireless network faces ever-increasing challenges, such as spectrum shortage and a congested frequency spectrum. Moreover, issues such as interference, security vulnerabilities, and potential health risks associated with prolonged exposure to RF electromagnetic radiation complicate its application in healthcare environments. To address these challenges, visible light communication (VLC) systems, which offer dual functionalities, data transmission, and illumination, have emerged as a promising complementary solution to traditional RF-based options. VLC provides secure, high-speed data communication that is immune to RF interference, making it particularly suitable for healthcare settings. This research examines the advancements in e-health systems that utilize VLC technology, considering various modulation and channel coding techniques, with a focus on evaluating the effectiveness and limitations of these techniques to determine their impact on overall performance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Optical Wireless Communication Technologies · PAPR reduction in OFDM · Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170143, Ecuador
Communications Engineering Department, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
Escuela de Informática y Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370190, Chile
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170503, Ecuador
Funding
FONDECYT · ANID FONDECYT Regular · Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador · SENESCYT “Convocatoria abierta 2014-primera fase · UDLA Telecommunications Engineering Degree FICA, UDLA
References (88)
Show source-provided references
1. VLC-based medical healthcare information system10.4015/S1016237212500123 ↗
2. Candia, D.A., Játiva, P.P., Azurdia Meza, C., Sánchez, I., and Ijaz, M. (2024). Performance Analysis of the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in a VLC System for Localization in Hospital Environments. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14062514 ↗
3. Visible light communication: Concepts, applications and challenges10.1109/COMST.2019.2913348 ↗
4. Al Hasnawi, R., and Marghescu, I. (2024). A Survey of Vehicular VLC Methodologies. Sensors, 24.10.3390/s24020598 ↗
5. Iturralde, D., Guaña-Moya, J., Játiva, P.P., Sánchez, I., Ijaz, M., Dehghan Firoozabadi, A., and Zabala-Blanco, D. (2023). A new Internet of things hybrid VLC/RF System for m-Health in an underground mining industry. Sensors, 24.10.3390/s24010031 ↗
6. Visible light communication system design and link budget analysis10.1109/JLT.2015.2499204 ↗
7. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Transforming the practice of medicine10.7861/fhj.2021-0095 ↗
8. Khan, F., Jan, S.R., Tahir, M., and Khan, S. (2015, January 19–23). Applications, limitations, and improvements in visible light communication systems. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China.10.1109/ICCVE.2015.46 ↗
9. Fernández, B., Játiva, P.P., Azurdia-Meza, C.A., Boettcher, N., Zabala-Blanco, D., Gaitán, M.G., and Soto, I. (2024, January 17–19). Performance Analysis of a VLC System Applied to a Hospital Environment for IoT-Based Smart Patient Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2024 14th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Rome, Italy.10.1109/CSNDSP60683.2024.10636464 ↗
10. Song, J., Ding, W., Yang, F., Yang, H., Wang, J., Wang, X., and Zhang, X. (2014, January 4–6). Indoor hospital communication systems: An integrated solution based on power line and visible light communication. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation, Monaco City, Monaco.10.1109/FTFC.2014.6828620 ↗
11. Webber, J., Mehbodniya, A., Teng, R., Arafa, A., and Alwakeel, A. (2021). Finger-gesture recognition for visible light communication systems using machine learning. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app112411582 ↗
12. Rehman, S.U., Ullah, S., Chong, P.H.J., Yongchareon, S., and Komosny, D. (2019). Visible light communication: A system perspective—Overview and challenges. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19051153 ↗
13. VLC-based DCO-OFDM and WSN in hospitals for medical information transmission
14. Transmitting patient’s health care information using LEDs in hospitals through VLC technology
15. Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003 ↗
16. Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells
17. Formation of reactive oxygen species in L929 cells after exposure to 900 MHz RF radiation with and without co-exposure to 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2 (5H)-furanone10.1667/RR0595.1 ↗
18. Evaluation of parameters of oxidative stress after in vitro exposure to FMCW-and CDMA-modulated radiofrequency radiation fields10.1667/RR3251 ↗
19. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort10.1093/jnci/djj464 ↗
20. Measurements of alkali-labile DNA damage and protein–DNA crosslinks after 2450 MHz microwave and low-dose gamma irradiation in vitro10.1667/RR3122 ↗
21. Melatonin modulates 900 Mhz microwave-induced lipid peroxidation changes in rat brain10.1191/0748233706th263oa ↗
22. Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields: A cohort study of Swiss railway workers10.1186/1476-069X-7-35 ↗
23. Wireless technologies and patient safety in hospitals10.1089/tmj.2006.12.373 ↗
24. Electromagnetic interference in medical devices: Health Canada’s past and current perspectives and activities
25. Body area networks: A survey10.1007/s11036-010-0260-8 ↗
26. Electromagnetic radiation and human health: A review of sources and effects
27. Benefits and hazards of electromagnetic waves; telecommunication, physical and biomedical: A review
28. A computational model of the electromagnetic heating of biological tissue with application to hyperthermic cancer therapy
29. Current state and future developments of noninvasive treatment of human urinary stones with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy10.1016/S0022-5347(17)41010-X ↗
30. Use of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields for the treatment of cancer10.2741/4591 ↗
31. Electromagnetic fields and ultrasound waves in wound treatment: A comparative review of therapeutic outcomes10.13005/bbra/1622 ↗
32. Protective effect of melatonin against in vitro iron ions and 7 mT 50 Hz magnetic field-induced DNA damage in rat lymphocytes10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00230-5 ↗
33. Induction of micronuclei in mice lymphocytes exposed to microwave and toluene10.3844/ajassp.2005.1321.1324 ↗
34. Karinen, A., Heinävaara, S., Nylund, R., and Leszczynski, D. (2008). Mobile phone radiation might alter protein expression in human skin. BMC Genom., 9.10.1186/1471-2164-9-77 ↗
35. Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain10.1080/15368378.2019.1567526 ↗
36. Heart rate variability in workers exposed to medium-frequency electromagnetic fields10.1016/0165-1838(96)00009-4 ↗
37. Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02434-9 ↗
38. A review of visible light communication (VLC) technology10.1063/5.0000109 ↗
39. A Manchester-OOK visible light communication system for patient monitoring in intensive care units10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3099462 ↗
40. A hybrid next-generation passive optical network and visible light communication for future hospital applications10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166978 ↗
41. Ali, S. (2019). Employing VLC technology for Transmitting Data in Biological Tissue. [Master’s Thesis, University of Oulu].
42. User-centric MIMO techniques for indoor visible light communication systems10.1109/JSYST.2019.2961696 ↗
43. Fernandes, V., Parab, J., Pinto, C., and Naik, G.M. (2023). Li-Fi Transmission and Reception in Visible and IR Light in a Hospital Environment. Data Science and Intelligent Computing Techniques, SCRS.10.56155/978-81-955020-2-8-17 ↗
44. A hybrid power line and visible light communication system for indoor hospital applications10.1016/j.compind.2015.01.006 ↗
45. Soto, I., Zamorano-Illanes, R., Becerra, R., Játiva, P.P., Azurdia-Meza, C.A., Alavia, W., García, V., Ijaz, M., and Zabala-Blanco, D. (2023). A new COVID-19 detection method based on CSK/QAM visible light communication and machine learning. Sensors, 23.10.3390/s23031533 ↗
46. Játiva, P.P., Azurdia-Meza, C.A., Cañizares, M.R., Zabala-Blanco, D., and Soto, I. (2019, January 13–27). BER performance of OFDM-based visible light communication systems. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON), Valparaiso, Chile.10.1109/CHILECON47746.2019.8987733 ↗
47. Jativa, P.P., Azurdia-Meza, C.A., Canizares, M.R., Zabala-Blanco, D., and Montejo-Sanchez, S. (2020, January 4–5). Performance analysis of OFDM-based VLC schemes in NLOS channels. Proceedings of the 2020 South American Colloquium on Visible Light Communications (SACVC), Santiago, Chile.10.1109/SACVLC50805.2020.9129862 ↗
48. On the performance of MIMO-NOMA-based visible light communication systems10.1109/LPT.2017.2785964 ↗
49. OFDM for optical communications10.1109/JLT.2008.2010061 ↗
50. On the coverage of multiple-input multiple-output visible light communications10.1364/JOCN.9.000D31 ↗
51. Hybrid asymmetrically clipped OFDM-based IM/DD optical wireless system10.1364/JOCN.6.000387 ↗
52. Absolute value layered ACO-OFDM for intensity-modulated optical wireless channels10.1109/TCOMM.2020.3010986 ↗
53. Asymmetrically clipped absolute value optical OFDM for intensity-modulated direct-detection systems10.1109/JLT.2017.2716983 ↗
54. Visible light communication applications in healthcare10.3233/THC-151098 ↗
55. Cognitive multi-cell visible light communication with hybrid underlay/overlay resource allocation10.1109/LPT.2018.2834903 ↗
56. Vladuceanu, F., Ijaz, M., Ekpo, S., Adebisi, B., Soto, I., Játiva, P.P., and Ghafoor, S. (2024, January 17–19). Experimental Proof-of-Concept Design of Self-Power LiFi Communication System for IoT Applications. Proceedings of the 2024 14th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Rome, Italy.10.1109/CSNDSP60683.2024.10636573 ↗
57. High-spatial-diversity imaging receiver using fisheye lens for indoor MIMO VLCs10.1109/LPT.2014.2354458 ↗
58. Analysis of an optical wireless receiver using a hemispherical lens with application in MIMO visible light communications10.1109/JLT.2013.2257685 ↗
59. Butala, P.M., Elgala, H., and Little, T.D. (2014, January 6–9). Performance of optical spatial modulation and spatial multiplexing with imaging receiver. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Istanbul, Turkey.10.1109/WCNC.2014.6952040 ↗
60. PAM-DMT for intensity-modulated and direct-detection optical communication systems10.1109/LPT.2009.2032663 ↗
61. (2018). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—Part 15.7: Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.15. 7-2018).
62. Performance analysis of IEEE 802.15. 7-based visible light communication systems in underground mine environments10.1007/s11107-022-00965-z ↗
63. Hybrid RF/VLC systems: A comprehensive survey on network topologies, performance analyses, applications, and future directions10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129154 ↗
64. Visible light communication: Applications, architecture, standardization and research challenges10.1016/j.dcan.2016.07.004 ↗
65. Yu, T.C., Huang, W.T., Lee, W.B., Chow, C.W., Chang, S.W., and Kuo, H.C. (2021). Visible light communication system technology review: Devices, architectures, and applications. Crystals, 11.10.3390/cryst11091098 ↗
66. Error-correcting codes for authentication and subliminal channels10.1109/18.61124 ↗
67. Error detecting and error correcting codes10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x ↗
68. Design and Implementation of Visible Light Communication using Error Correction Turbo Codes
69. Anti error and erasure coding for water-to-air visible light communication through wavy water surface with wave height up to 0.6 meters10.1364/OE.457784 ↗
70. Efficient channel coding for dimmable visible light communications system10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3041431 ↗
71. Code design for run-length control in visible light communication10.1631/FITEE.1900526 ↗
72. Performance analysis of Polar Codes in a Visible Light Communication System10.1088/1742-6596/2466/1/012006 ↗
73. Design of polar codes for run-length limited codes in visible light communications10.1109/LPT.2018.2881223 ↗
74. Shaped polar codes for dimmable visible light communication10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127126 ↗
75. Reguera, V.A. (2019). New RLL code with improved error performance for visible light communication. arXiv.
76. A modern Health care system 656 using Visible Light Communication Technology
77. Design and Implementation of Real Time Embedded Health Monitoring System using Li-Fi technology
78. Mobile health–monitoring system through visible light communication10.3233/BME-141179 ↗
79. End-to-end performance analysis of hybrid VLC-RF system using decode and forward relay in E-health medical applications10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.03.045 ↗
80. E-health: Transforming the physician/patient relationship10.1016/S1386-5056(00)00130-1 ↗
81. Hussain, S.I., Abdallah, M.M., and Qaraqe, K.A. (2014, January 21–23). Hybrid radio-visible light downlink performance in RF sensitive indoor environments. Proceedings of the 2014 6th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing (ISCCSP), Athens, Greece.10.1109/ISCCSP.2014.6877821 ↗
82. Wireless communications for the hospital of the future: Requirements, challenges and solutions10.1007/s10776-019-00468-1 ↗
83. Lang, T., Pan, Z., Ortiz, N., Chen, G., Kalay, Y., Pai, R., and Wang, A. (2021, January 10–12). Integrated design of low complexity RSS based visible light indoor positioning and power-line communication system for smart hospitals. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.10.1109/ICCE50685.2021.9427699 ↗
84. Amjad, M.S., Tebruegge, C., Memedi, A., Kruse, S., Kress, C., Scheytt, C., and Dressler, F. (2019, January 20–24). An IEEE 802.11 compliant SDR-based system for vehicular visible light communications. Proceedings of the ICC 2019—2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.10.1109/ICC.2019.8761960 ↗
85. Singh, S., and Kapoor, N. (2014). Health implications of electromagnetic fields, mechanisms of action, and research needs. Adv. Biol., 2014.10.1155/2014/198609 ↗
86. Design of MIMO-visible light communication transceiver using maximum rank distance codes10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2924202 ↗
87. Led-based visible light communication system: A brief survey and investigation10.3923/jeasci.2010.296.307 ↗
88. Reducing grayscale value fluctuation for mobile-phone camera based VLC system10.1109/JPHOT.2018.2874505 ↗