Comparative Study of Blue Light with Ultraviolet (UVC) Radiation on Betacoronavirus 1

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic requires more effective disinfection methods. Disinfection using ultraviolet light (UV), especially longer UVC wavelengths, such as 254 and 270/280 nm, has been proven to have virucidal properties, but its adverse effects on human skin and eyes limit its use to enclosed, unoccupied spaces. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of blue light (405 nm) against bacteria and fungi, but the virucidal property at 405 nm has not been much investigated. Based on previous studies, visible light mediates inactivation by absorbing the porphyrins and reacting with oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). This causes oxidative damage to biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, essential constituents of any virus. The virucidal potential of visible light has been speculated because the virus lacks porphyrins. This study demonstrated porphyrin-independent viral inactivation and conducted a comparative analysis of the effectiveness at 405 nm against other UVC wavelengths. The betacoronavirus 1 (strain OC43) was exposed to 405, 270/280, 254, and 222 nm, and its efficacy was determined using a median tissue culture infectious dose, i.e., TCID50. The results support the disinfection potential of visible light technology by providing a quantitative effect that can serve as the basic groundwork for future visible light inactivation technologies. In the future, blue light technology usage can be widened to hospitals, public places, aircraft cabins, and/or infectious laboratories for disinfection purposes.