journal article·2022-03-22Open access

An Analysis of Food Accessibility of Mountain Cities in China: A Case Study of Chongqing

Yufeng He, Haixia Pu, Nianhua Liu, Yongchuan Zhang, Yehua Sheng

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 7

Abstract

Mountain cities are characterized by undulating terrain, complex road networks, and diverse road facilities, which makes accessing food more difficult than in cities with a flat terrain. This study proposes an enhanced two-step method based on the Baidu map service for the construction of supermarket–market–retail food sales architecture and for calculating food accessibility. The accessibility indices of seven major food categories (grains and oils, fruits, vegetables, seafood, meat, milk, and eggs) were calculated considering the principle of the fairest walking routes in Chongqing. The correlations between food accessibility and house price and house age in Chongqing were explored through local Moran’s analysis and geographically weighted regression. The correlations illustrated the fairness of the distribution of food accessibility in Chongqing among the poor and rich. The experiments showed generally well-developed food accessibility in the main urban areas of Chongqing. However, accessibility to fresh fruits and vegetables lagged in newly built urban areas.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Urban Transport and Accessibility · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet · Urban Agriculture and Sustainability

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China

Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China

Department of Geoinformatics-Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria

Department of Tourism and Land Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400074, China

Chongqing Smart City Institute, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400067, China

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China · Fund of Chongqing Social Science Planning Project

References (52)

Show source-provided references
1. Hungry cities: A critical review of urban food security research in sub-Saharan African cities10.1111/gec3.12053 ↗
2. Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk: A review of southern European studies10.1017/S0007114515000148 ↗
3. The case of Montreal’s missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets10.1186/1476-072X-6-4 ↗
4. ‘Food desertification’: The loss of a major supermarket in New Haven, Connecticut10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.010 ↗
5. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013 ↗
6. Fast food planning conflicts in Victoria 1969–2012: Is every unhappy family restaurant unhappy in its own way?10.1080/07293682.2014.950677 ↗
7. Food deserts—Evidence and assumption in health policy making10.1136/bmj.325.7361.436 ↗
8. Food access inequalities in Chinese urban neighborhoods: A case study of the Dalian development zone10.1007/s12571-019-00963-6 ↗
9. Measuring food availability and accessibility among adolescents: Moving beyond the neighbourhood boundary10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.019 ↗
10. Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and differences in the availability of healthy food stores and restaurants in Sao Paulo, Brazil10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.05.001 ↗
11. Potential food deserts and food oases in a post-communist city: Access, quality, variability and price of food in Bratislava-Petržalka10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.04.003 ↗
12. Relative accessibility deprivation indicators for urban settings: Definitions and application to food deserts in Montreal10.1177/0042098009353626 ↗
13. Rural food accessibility: An analysis of travel impedance and the risk of potential grocery closures10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.018 ↗
14. A geo-big data approach to intra-urban food deserts: Transit-varying accessibility, social inequalities, and implications for urban planning10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.007 ↗
15. Dynamic healthy food accessibility in a rapidly urbanizing metropolitan area: Socioeconomic inequality and relative contribution of local factors10.1016/j.cities.2020.102819 ↗
16. City profile: Chongqing (1997–2017)10.1016/j.cities.2019.06.011 ↗
17. Zhong, Y. (2010). The Economic Theory of Developing Countries’ Rise: Explaining the Myth of Rapid Economic Growth in China, University Press of America.
18. Are migrant workers satisfied with public rental housing? A study in Chongqing, China10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.05.003 ↗
19. An investigation of the potential existence of “food deserts” in rural and urban areas of Northern Ireland10.1023/A:1015218502547 ↗
20. Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M., and Whatmore, S. (2011). The Dictionary of Human Geography, John Wiley & Sons.
21. Geographic access to healthy and unhealthy food sources for children in neighbourhoods and from elementary schools in a mid-sized Canadian city10.1016/j.sste.2014.07.001 ↗
22. Monitoring housing rental prices based on social media: An integrated approach of machine-learning algorithms and hedonic modeling to inform equitable housing policies10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.12.030 ↗
23. A social-media-based approach to assessing the effectiveness of equitable housing policy in mitigating education accessibility induced social inequalities in Shanghai, China10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104513 ↗
24. Mapping the evolution of ‘food deserts’ in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961–200510.1186/1476-072X-7-16 ↗
25. Can community gardens and farmers’ markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton, Canada10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.010 ↗
26. How accessibility shapes land use10.1080/01944365908978307 ↗
27. Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems: A methodological review10.1017/S1368980010000753 ↗
28. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: A glossary10.1186/1479-5868-8-71 ↗
29. The role of socio-economic status and spatial effects on fresh food access: Two case studies in Canada10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.12.002 ↗
30. Spatiotemporal accessibility to supermarkets using public transit: An interaction potential approach in Cincinnati, Ohio10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.11.004 ↗
31. When are food deserts? Integrating time into research on food accessibility10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.011 ↗
32. How to identify food deserts: Measuring physical and economic access to supermarkets in King County, Washington10.2105/AJPH.2012.300675 ↗
33. Disparities in neighborhood food environments: Implications of measurement strategies10.1111/j.1944-8287.2010.01084.x ↗
34. Characterising food environment exposure at home, at work, and along commuting journeys using data on adults in the UK10.1186/1479-5868-10-85 ↗
35. Social inequalities of park accessibility in Shenzhen, China: The role of park quality, transport modes, and hierarchical socioeconomic characteristics10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.010 ↗
36. Capturing individuals’ food environments using flexible space-time accessibility measures10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.03.007 ↗
37. Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012 ↗
38. Temporal variability in transit-based accessibility to supermarkets10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.06.012 ↗
39. Socioeconomic inequalities in children’s accessibility to food retailing: Examining the roles of mobility and time10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.030 ↗
40. Dietary inequalities: What is the evidence for the effect of the neighbourhood food environment?10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.09.015 ↗
41. The local food environment and diet: A systematic review10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.05.006 ↗
42. Area deprivation and the food environment over time: A repeated cross-sectional study on takeaway outlet density and supermarket presence in Norfolk, UK, 1990–200810.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.012 ↗
43. Closing the grocery gap in underserved communities: The creation of the Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing Initiative10.1097/01.PHH.0000316486.57512.bf ↗
44. Health disparities: A barrier to high-quality care10.2146/ajhp050064 ↗
45. Area Deprivation and Liver Cancer Prevalence in Shenzhen, China: A Spatial Approach Based on Social Indicators10.1007/s11205-016-1358-6 ↗
46. Does Accessibility Affect Retail Prices and Competition? An Empirical Application10.1007/s11067-010-9144-5 ↗
47. Local Forms of Spatial Analysis10.1111/j.1538-4632.1999.tb00989.x ↗
48. Fischer, M.M., and Getis, A. (2010). Geographically Weighted Regression. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications, Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7 ↗
49. LeSage, J.P. (2004). A family of geographically weighted regression models. Advances in Spatial Econometrics, Springer.10.1007/978-3-662-05617-2_11 ↗
50. An assessment of coefficient accuracy in linear regression models with spatially varying coefficients10.1007/s10109-006-0040-y ↗
51. Mapping the results of geographically weighted regression10.1179/000870406X114658 ↗
52. Building a hybrid land cover map with crowdsourcing and geographically weighted regression10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.06.016 ↗