Detection of Groundwater Pathways to Monitor Their Level Rise in Osirion at Abydos Archaeological Site for Reducing Deterioration Hazards, Sohag, Egypt Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography Technique

Climatic changes because of groundwater levels rising near the archaeological sites became a fundamental issue in Egypt. The problem will affect the deterioration of the stone foundations of the temples and any archaeological features, which will affect their deformation, changing their features, and their archaeological and architectural importance. Osirion in Abydos archaeological place, west of Sohag Governorate, undergoes this problem where the level of ground water increases west of this site in the spring season. Solving this problem will help to preserve the antiques at the Abydos site and, in particular, the Osirion and its surrounding area. It is important to understand the hydrostratigraphic conditions of the Abydos site and its surroundings. The main objectives of the work are: (1) characterizing the subsurface succession and lithology; (2) identifying the sources responsible for the groundwater level rising near the Osirion, and groundwater assessment distribution and water table depth; and (3) evaluating the subsurface location and geometry of any paleochannels that may represent conduits for groundwater flow pathways to join the water to the studied site. All this information will aid the officials to decide and make future solutions to solve these problems. To achieve these goals, the authors implemented an advanced geophysical technique, namely electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) investigations in conjunction with the existing boreholes data. The main outcomes of this work are 2D and 3D representations of the resistivity distributions, which reflect a full picture about the subsurface engineering layers, including details of the lithology of the study site. The subsurface succession includes four geoelectrical zones that were recognized. The water table level in the study site varies from 5 m to 14 m as confirmed from all the ERT profiles together with the available borehole data. A three-dimensional visual representation of the water-bearing muddy sand formation shows the presence of a potential channel in the north-east direction and its location, which is responsible for delivering the groundwater from the Nile River to the Osirion site. This result is in consistent with archaeological studies conducted in the Osirion site, where there are ancient archaeological text and drawings on the temple walls and columns. By defining the direction of the groundwater pathways, the authors recommend the decision-makers to take the engineering precautions to try to prevent the groundwater from reaching the important archaeological sites by establishing the dams and partitions. In addition, they should monitor and control the groundwater level changes around the archaeological foundations by implementing all the necessary measurements to prevent the soil subsidence and foundation collapse, and establishing a dewatering system network.