Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale) as a Potential Source for the Production of Tocopherol-Loaded Nanoparticles: Formulation, Release Profile and Cytotoxicity
Source abstract
Abstract
Every year, more than thirty thousand tons of Cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale, family: Anacardiaceae) are produced in Brazil; however, only a small amount is used for different applications in foodstuff and in pharmaceutical industries. As a raw material for the production of drug delivery systems, cashew gum is still regarded as an innovative compound worth to be exploited. In this work, cashew gum was extracted from the crude exudate of cashew tree employing four methodologies resulting in a light brown powder in different yields (40.61% to 58.40%). The total ashes (0.34% to 1.05%) and moisture (12.90% to 14.81%) were also dependent on the purification approach. FTIR spectra showed the typical bands of purified cashew gum samples, confirming their suitability for the development of a pharmaceutical product. Cashew gum nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation resulting in particles of low polydispersity (<0.2) and an average size depending on the percentage of the oil. The zeta potential of nanoparticles was found to be below 20 mV, which promotes electrostatic stability. Encapsulation efficiencies were above 99.9%, while loading capacity increased with the increase of the percentage of the oil content of particles. The release of the oil from the nanoparticles followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetics model, while particles did not show any signs of toxicity when tested in three distinct cell lines (LLC-MK2, HepG2, and THP-1). Our study highlights the potential added value of using a protein-, lignans-, and nucleic acids-enriched resin obtained from crude extract as a new raw material for the production of drug delivery systems.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Ginkgo biloba and Cashew Applications · Food composition and properties · Proteins in Food Systems
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil
Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovského Námestí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Department of Morphology of Polymer Materials, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovského Námestí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
Department of Technological and Environmental Processes, Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Rod. Raposo Tavares, Km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil
Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais (BioPolMat), Universidade de Araraquara-Uniara, Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil
Quality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates (NCQMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil
CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
Funding
Coordenação Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Ámparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC) (PROCESSO: 88887.159533/2017-00 extração, encap-sulação e caracterização de bioativos para o interesse biotecnologico) and Conse
References (55)
Show source-provided references
1. Prospecção tecnológica: Aplicação da goma do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) em nanotecnologia
2. Gums’ based delivery systems: Review on cashew gum and its derivatives10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.042 ↗
3. Composition of gum exudates from Anacardium occidentale10.1016/0031-9422(74)85026-0 ↗
4. Risk-Based Bioengineering Strategies for Reliable Bacterial Vaccine Production10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.005 ↗
5. The Potential Role of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles Based on Cashew Gum, Tripolyphosphate and Chitosan for the Loading of Insulin10.3390/diabetology2020009 ↗
6. Effects of cashew gum and nanoparticles on cooled stallion semen10.1186/s13028-020-00530-6 ↗
7. Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of diclofenac diethyl amine10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.004 ↗
8. Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for the incorporation of alkaloid epiisopiloturine10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.206 ↗
9. Self-assembled nanoparticles of acetylated cashew gum: Characterization and evaluation as potential drug carrier10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.087 ↗
10. Synthesis and characterization of non-toxic and thermo-sensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted cashew gum nanoparticles as a potential epirubicin delivery matrix10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.031 ↗
11. Hydrophobization of cashew gum by acetylation mechanism and amphotericin B encapsulation10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.047 ↗
12. Pickering emulsions stabilized with cashew gum nanoparticles as indomethacin carrier10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.198 ↗
13. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/cashew gum beads loaded with Lippia sidoides essential oil10.1016/j.msec.2010.08.013 ↗
14. Chitosan/cashew gum nanogels for essential oil encapsulation10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.048 ↗
15. Alginate/cashew gum nanoparticles for essential oil encapsulation10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.038 ↗
16. Cashew gum and inulin: New alternative for ginger essential oil microencapsulation10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.096 ↗
17. Application of cashew tree gum on the production and stability of spray-dried fish oil10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.141 ↗
18. Complex coacervates of cashew gum and gelatin as carriers of green coffee oil: The effect of microcapsule application on the rheological and sensorial quality of a fruit juice10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109047 ↗
19. Antioxidants and their effect on the oxidative/nitrosative stress of frozen-thawed boar sperm10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.11.007 ↗
20. Coenzyme Q10 and α-Tocopherol Prevent the Lipid Peroxidation of Cooled Equine Semen10.1111/rda.12627 ↗
21. Influence of α-tocopherol on physicochemical properties of chitosan-based films10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.06.011 ↗
22. Métodos de isolamento de gomas naturais: Comparação através da goma do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.)
23. Nanocapsule formation by interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement10.1016/0378-5173(89)90281-0 ↗
24. Physico-chemical properties of cashew tree gum
25. Physicochemical aspects behind the size of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles: A step forward10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.08.056 ↗
26. Xanthan gum stabilized gold nanoparticles: Characterization, biocompatibility, stability and cytotoxicity10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.041 ↗
27. Encapsulation of α-tocopherol in protein-based delivery particles10.1016/j.foodres.2009.04.021 ↗
28. Chitosan-graft-poly (methyl methacrylate) amphiphilic nanoparticles: Self-association and physicochemical characterization10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.022 ↗
29. Entrapment and delivery of α-tocopherol by a self-assembled, alginate-conjugated prodrug nanostructure10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.032 ↗
30. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4 ↗
31. Team, R. (2012). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet], R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
32. Cashew gum microencapsulation protects the aroma of coffee extracts10.1080/02652040701725486 ↗
33. Chemical modification of cashew gum with acrylamide using an ultrasound-assisted method10.1002/app.43634 ↗
34. Cashew-tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) exudate gum: A novel bioligand tool10.1042/BA20010024 ↗
35. Some physico-chemical properties of cashew gum from cashew exudates and its use as clarifying agent of juice from cashew apple
36. Microencapsulation optimization of natural anthocyanins with maltodextrin, gum Arabic and gelatin10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.011 ↗
37. Performance evaluation of cashew gum and gelatin blend for food packaging10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.05.003 ↗
38. Characterization of crosslinked cashew gum derivatives10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.021 ↗
39. Solvent-free synthesis of acetylated cashew gum for oral delivery system of insulin10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.071 ↗
40. Nanoprecipitation process: From encapsulation to drug delivery10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.064 ↗
41. Size controlled synthesis of sub-100 nm monodisperse poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.041 ↗
42. Optimization of α-tocopherol loaded nanocapsules by the nanoprecipitation method10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.015 ↗
43. Preparation and characterization of zein/chitosan complex for encapsulation of α-tocopherol, and its in vitro controlled release study10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.020 ↗
44. α-Tocopherol-loaded niosome prepared by heating method and its release behavior10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.129 ↗
45. Characterization of α-tocopherol as interacting agent in polyvinyl alcohol-starch blends10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.069 ↗
46. He, J., Shi, H., Huang, S., Han, L., Zhang, W., and Zhong, Q. (2018). Core-Shell Nanoencapsulation of α-Tocopherol by Blending Sodium Oleate and Rebaudioside A: Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules, 23.10.3390/molecules23123183 ↗
47. Preparation and properties of cinnamon-thyme-ginger composite essential oil nanocapsules10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.058 ↗
48. Tragacanth gum as a natural polymeric wall for producing antimicrobial nanocapsules loaded with plant extract10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.041 ↗
49. Effect of the morphology of hydrophilic polymeric matrices on the diffusion and release of water soluble drugs10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80265-3 ↗
50. Dependence of Reaction Velocity upon surface and Agitation10.1021/ie50260a018 ↗
51. Mechanism of sustained-action medication. Theoretical analysis of rate of release of solid drugs dispersed in solid matrices10.1002/jps.2600521210 ↗
52. In-vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled-release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices
53. A simple equation for the description of solute release. III. Coupling of diffusion and relaxation10.1016/0378-5173(89)90306-2 ↗
54. Development and optimization of solid lipid nanoparticle formulation for ophthalmic delivery of chloramphenicol using a Box-Behnken design
55. Co-delivery of doxorubicin, docosahexaenoic acid, and α-tocopherol succinate by nanostructured lipid carriers has a synergistic effect to enhance antitumor activity and reduce toxicity10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110876 ↗