Thermochemical and Economic Analysis for Energy Recovery by the Gasification of WEEE Plastic Waste from the Disassembly of Large-Scale Outdoor Obsolete Luminaires by LEDs in the Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal)
Source abstract
Abstract
The recovery of urban waste is a social demand and a measure of the energy-environmental sustainability of cities and regions. In particular, waste of electrical origin, waste of electrical and electronic materials (WEEE) can be recovered with great success. The plastic fraction of these wastes allows their gasification mixed with biomass, and the results allow for producing syngas with a higher energy potential. This work allows for obtaining energy from the recovery of obsolete materials through thermochemical conversion processes of the plastic waste from the disassembly of the luminaires by mixing the said plastic waste in different proportions with the biomass of crop residues (olive). The gasification tests of these mixtures were carried out in a downstream fixed-bed drown daft reactor, at temperatures of approximately 800 °C. The results demonstrate the applied technical and economic feasibility of the technology by thermal gasification, for the production of LHV (Low Heating Value) syngas with highest power energy (more than 5 MJ/m3) produced in mixtures of up to 20% of plastic waste. This study was complemented with the economic-financial analysis. This research can be used as a case study for the energy recovery through gasification processes of plastic waste from luminaires (WEEE), mixed with agricultural biomass that is planned to be carried out on a large scale in the Alentejo (Portugal), as a solution applied in circular economy strategies.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Recycling and Waste Management Techniques · Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes · Municipal Solid Waste Management
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Graphic Engineering Design and Projects, Universidad de Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
MEtRICs—Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Science and Technology of Biomass, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
VALORIZA—Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Distribution and modeling of tar compounds produced during downdraft gasification of municipal solid waste10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.104 ↗
2. The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009 ↗
3. Optimisation of a throat downdraft gasifier for hydrogen production10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.06.019 ↗
4. Biomass energy in Bangladesh: Current status and prospects10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.028 ↗
5. Technical and environmental assessment of selective recovery of tin and lead from waste solder alloy using direct anodic oxidation10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.101 ↗
6. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.088 ↗
7. Carmo-Calado, L., Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., Mota-Panizio, R., and Brito, P. (2020). Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12031036 ↗
8. Overview of recent advances in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.038 ↗
9. Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of combined dry and steam reforming of propane for thermochemical waste-heat recuperation10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.284 ↗
10. Printed wiring boards for mobile phones: Characterization and recycling of copper10.1016/j.wasman.2011.08.013 ↗
11. Pyrolysis and gasification studies of model refuse derived fuel (RDF) using thermogravimetric analysis10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.06.010 ↗
12. Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., García-Alguacil, M., and Terrados-Cepeda, J. (2020). Measurement of environmental efficiency in the countries of the European Union with the enhanced data envelopment analysis method (DEA) during the period 2005–2012. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.10.3390/proceedings2019038020 ↗
13. Hrabovsky, M. (September, January 28). Plasma aided Gasification of Biomass, Organic Waste and Plastics. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gas, Belfast, UK.
14. WEEE plastic sorting for bromine essential to enforce EU regulation10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.031 ↗
15. Ferreira, S., Monteiro, E., Brito, P., and Vilarinho, C. (2019). A holistic review on biomass gasification modified equilibrium models. Energies, 12.10.3390/en12010160 ↗
16. Gasification in Fluidized Beds–Present Status & Design
17. High quality H2-rich syngas production from pyrolysis-gasification of biomass and plastic wastes by Ni–Fe@Nanofibers/Porous carbon catalyst10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.105 ↗
18. Williams, P.T. (2020). Hydrogen and Carbon Nanotubes from Pyrolysis-Catalysis of Waste Plastics: A Review. Waste Biomass Valorization, (online).10.1007/s12649-020-01054-w ↗
19. Characteristics of syngas from co-gasification of polyethylene and woodchips10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.007 ↗
20. Laboratory investigation of the products of the incomplete combustion of waste plastics and techniques for their minimization10.1021/ie030477u ↗
21. ichi Characteristics of gas from the fluidized bed gasification of refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF) and wood biomass10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.002 ↗
22. Performances of syngas production and deposited coke regulation during co-gasification of biomass and plastic wastes over Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Role of biomass to plastic ratio in feedstock10.1016/j.cej.2019.123728 ↗
23. Co-gasification study of biomass mixed with plastic wastes10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00164-8 ↗
24. H2 production from co-pyrolysis/gasification of waste plastics and biomass under novel catalyst Ni-CaO-C10.1016/j.cej.2019.122947 ↗
25. Co-gasification of palm kernel shell and polystyrene plastic: Effect of different operating conditions10.1016/j.joei.2019.09.005 ↗
26. Ahmed, I., and Gupta, A.K. (2011). Characteristic of hydrogen and syngas evolution from gasification and pyrolysis of rubber. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 4340–4347.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.131 ↗
27. Assessment of biomass energy potential in a region of Portugal (AltoAlentejo)10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.021 ↗
28. Comparative analysis and justification for the change to LEDs in installations with metal halide lamps. One more step towards energy efficiency in street lighting Analisis comparativo y justificativo para el cambio a leds en instalaciones con lamparas d10.6036/5803 ↗
29. Energy efficiency of lighting installations: Software application and experimental validation10.1016/j.egyr.2015.04.001 ↗
30. Ozadowicz, A., and Grela, J. (September, January 16). The Street Lighting Integrated System Case Study, Control Scenarios, Energy Efficiency. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2014, Barcelona, Spain.10.1109/ETFA.2014.7005345 ↗
31. A case study for energy issues of public buildings and utilities in a small municipality: Investigation of possible improvements and integration with renewables10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.008 ↗
32. Donatello, S., Rodriguez, R., De Oliveira, G.C.M.N., Wolf, O., Van Tichelen, P., Van Hoof, V., and Geerken, T. (2019). Revision of the EU Green Public Procurement Criteria for Road Lighting and Traffic Signals, Publications Office of the European Union. Technical Report and Criteria Proposal.
33. Recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment
34. Hannequart, J.-P. (2003). Waste Management of Electrical and Electronic Equipment. Recycling, The Association of Cities and Regions for (ACRR).
35. Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., Lozano-Miralles, J.A., Lopez-Garcia, R., and Brito, P. (2019). Environmental criteria for assessing the competitiveness of public tenders with the replacement of large-scale LEDs in the outdoor lighting of cities as a key element for sustainable development: Case study applied with PROMETHEE methodology. Sustainability, 11.10.3390/su11215982 ↗
36. (2015). Royal Decree 110/2015, of February 20, on Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment. (BOE No. 45, of February 21, 2015). Spanish Legislation on Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE). Actual. Jurídica Ambient., 32–35. Available online: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evalu.
37. Electrao (2020, May 11). Amb3E Relatorio Anual de Actividades. Available online: https://www.electrao.pt/sobre-nos/.
38. (2017). Ellen MacArthur Foundation New economy of plastics: Catalysing action. Ergother. Und Rehabil., 52, 1–68.
39. Thermal gasification of agro-industrial residues10.2495/WM120091 ↗
40. (2020, May 11). EDP- EDP Group (Energy Supply Company in Portugal). Available online: https://www.edp.pt/particulares.
41. (2020, May 11). Igaa.cimaa.pt Projetos Ilupub-Alto Alentejo (Portugal). Available online: http://sigaa.cimaa.pt/projetos/ilupub.html.
42. Assessment of the Use of Forest Biomass Residues for Bioenergy in Alto Alentejo, Portugal: Logistics, Economic and Financial Perspectives10.1007/s12649-017-9830-3 ↗
43. Estimation of higher heating value of biomass from proximate analysis: A new approach10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.015 ↗
44. Evaluation of the potential of pelletized biomass from different municipal solid wastes for use as solid fuel10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.043 ↗
45. Thermochemical recuperation by ethanol steam reforming: Thermodynamic analysis and heat balance10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.009 ↗
46. Assessment of biomass energy potential for SRC willow woodchips in a pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116143 ↗
47. Thermogravimetric analysis of the fuel properties of empty fruit bunch briquettes
48. Discernment of synergism in pyrolysis of biomass blends using thermogravimetric analysis10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.011 ↗
49. (2020, May 11). IKA Calorimeter System C 2000 EDVLF C 2000 FRQWURO. Available online: http://senselektro.hu/wp-content/uploads/laboreszk/kalori-anal/2_c_2000_v1_m.pdf.
50. Analysis of syngas quality from Portuguese biomasses: An experimental and numerical study10.1021/ef500570t ↗
51. Calorific value estimation of biomass from their proximate analyses data10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.008 ↗
52. Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from elemental composition10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.041 ↗
53. Prediction of higher heating values of biomass from proximate and ultimate analyses10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.031 ↗
54. Prediction of quality parameters of biomass pellets from proximate and ultimate analysis10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.002 ↗
55. Optimal use of condensed parameters of ultimate analysis to predict the calori fi c value of biomass10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.082 ↗
56. All Power Labs (2020, May 11). 0100 Murray Street Berkeley CA 94710 All Power Labs. Available online: http://www.allpowerlabs.com/.
57. Energy and exergy analyses of syngas produced from rice husk gasi fi cation in an entrained fl ow reactor10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.053 ↗
58. (2020, May 11). Gas Chromatograph Model 450-GC Specification Sheet Gas Chromatograph Model Varian 450-GC. Available online: http://photos.labwrench.com/equipmentManuals/25399-8198.pdf.
59. Techno-economic analysis of municipal solid waste gasification for electricity generation in Brazil10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.074 ↗
60. Comparative study of energy-efficiency and conservation systems for ceramic metal-halide discharge lamps10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.050 ↗
61. Techno-economic analysis of a biomass gasification power plant dealing with forestry residues blends for electricity production in Portugal10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.054 ↗
62. Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., Gago-Calderón, A., and Rojas-Sola, J.I. (2017). Power quality and energy efficiency in the pre-evaluation of an outdoor lighting renewal with light-emitting diode technology: Experimental study and amortization analysis. Energies, 10.10.3390/en10070836 ↗
63. Techno-economic analysis of methanol and electricity poly-generation system based on coal partial gasification10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.175 ↗
64. Central Ecological Forest Biomass (CTBF) (2009). Investment Project Appraisal Report, Central Ec.
65. Zhu, Y., Zhai, R., Yang, Y., and Angel Reyes-Belmonte, M. (2017). Techno-economic analysis of solar tower aided coal-fired power generation system. Energies, 10.10.3390/en10091392 ↗
66. Techno-economic analysis of biomass-to-hydrogen process in comparison with coal-to-hydrogen process10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.119 ↗
67. Fast Pyrolysis and Steam Gasification of Pellets Prepared from Olive Oil Mill Residues10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.135 ↗
68. Hydrogen enriched syngas production via gasification of biofuels pellets/powders blended from olive mill solid wastes and pine sawdust under different water steam/nitrogen atmospheres10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.021 ↗
69. Improved fuel properties of whole table olive stones via pyrolytic processing10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.06.001 ↗
70. Rowhani, A., and Rainey, T.J. (2016). Scrap tyre management pathways and their use as a fuel—A review. Energies, 9.10.3390/en9110888 ↗
71. A review on subcritical and supercritical water gasification of biogenic, polymeric and petroleum wastes to hydrogen-rich synthesis gas10.1016/j.rser.2019.109546 ↗
72. Rahman, M., Henriksen, U.B., Ahrenfeldt, J., and Arnavat, M.P. (2020). Design, construction and operation of a low-tar biomass (LTB) gasifier for rural applications. Energy, 117944.10.1016/j.energy.2020.117944 ↗
73. Effect of temperature on the gasification of olive bagasse particles10.1016/j.joei.2017.10.012 ↗
74. Gasification of palm empty fruit bunch in a bubbling fluidized bed: A performance and agglomeration study10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.101 ↗
75. The study of reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification process10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00313-7 ↗
76. Hydrogen production from olive-pomace by catalytic hydrothermal gasification10.1016/j.jtice.2017.11.026 ↗
77. Basu, P. (2018). Gasification Theory 2018, Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-812992-0.00007-8 ↗
78. Thermo-Economic Assessment of a Olive Pomace Gasifier for Cogeneration Applications10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.325 ↗
79. Experimental and economic study of a gasification plant fuelled with olive industry wastes10.1016/j.esd.2014.09.011 ↗
80. Syngas cleaning with nano-structured micro-porous ion exchange polymers in biomass gasification using a novel downdraft gasifier10.1016/S2095-4956(13)60056-X ↗
81. Cross-interaction during Co-gasification of wood, weed, plastic, tire and carton10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109467 ↗
82. Co-gasification of digestate and lignite in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier: Effect of temperature10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112798 ↗
83. The thermal decomposition of methane10.1002/recl.19320510405 ↗
84. Interaction and kinetic analysis for coal and biomass co-gasification by TG-FTIR10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.101 ↗
85. Air gasification of polypropylene plastic waste in fluidized bed gasifier10.1016/j.enconman.2006.09.004 ↗
86. Air gasification of mixed plastic wastes using a two-stage gasifier for the production of producer gas with low tar and a high caloric value10.1016/j.fuel.2011.02.021 ↗
87. Air gasification of mixed plastic wastes using calcined dolomite and activated carbon in a two-stage gasifier to reduce tar10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.041 ↗
88. Syngas production from catalytic gasification of waste polyethylene: Influence of temperature on gas yield and composition10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.023 ↗
89. Gasification of cotton crop residues for combined power and biochar production in Mozambique10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.115 ↗
90. Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., Cámara-Martínez, J., Rojas-Sola, J.I., and Gago-Calderon, A. (2019). Analytical and economic methodology for storage of large heavyweight equipment in industrial processes. Econ. Res.-Ekon. Istraz., 1–30.10.1080/1331677X.2019.1696692 ↗
91. Governo do Portugal, Ministerio do Ambente Ordenamento do Territorio e Energia POSEUR (2015). Support for Energy Efficiency, Smart Energy Management and the Use of Renewable Energies in Central Government Public Infrastructures-co-Financed Through the Cohesion Fund in the SEUR OP.
92. Gasification of plastic waste for synthesis gas production10.1016/j.egyr.2019.08.043 ↗
93. A techno-economic comparison of power production by biomass fast pyrolysis with gasification and combustion10.1016/S1364-0321(01)00010-7 ↗
94. Hydrogen production from biomass and plastic mixtures by pyrolysis-gasification10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.189 ↗
95. Erias, A., Karaka, C., Grajetzki, C., Carton, J., Paulos, M., Jantunen, P., Baral, P., S Bex, J., and Valenzuela, M. (2016). World Energy Resources 2016, World Energy Council.
96. Combustion of biomass10.1080/009083190957694 ↗
97. Environmental impacts and benefits of state-of-the-art technologies for E-waste management10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.038 ↗
98. Katzer, J., Moniz, E.J., Deutch, J., and Ansolabehere, S. (2007). The Future of Coal an Interdisciplinary MIT Study, MIT.
99. Combustion properties of biomass10.1016/S0378-3820(97)00059-3 ↗
100. ONU (United Nations Organization) (2020, May 11). Meet the New 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals. Available online: https://nacoesunidas.org/conheca-os-novos-17-objetivos-de-desenvolvimento-sustentavel-da-onu/.