Immunohistochemical, Biochemical and Genetic Evaluation of the Effects of Ginseng Administration on Blood–Brain Barrier in Rats Exposed to 2100 MHz and 2450 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation
Source abstract
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the brain and blood–brain barrier, which are sensitive targets for cell phone and microwave radiation, are damaged after exposure. Additionally, ginseng has been shown to play a role in preserving the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical, genetic and biochemical effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the protective role of ginseng on these effects. The animals were randomly allocated into seven groups (eight in each group): group I: control, group II: sham, group III: ginseng, group IV: 2100 MHz EMF, group V: 2100 MHz EMF + ginseng, group VI: 2450 MHz EMF, group VII: 2450 MHz EMF + ginseng. EMF groups exposed to EMF, 1 h day−1 for 30 days. Ginseng was administered 150 mg/kg/day for 30 days. As a result, it was determined immunohistochemically that EMF caused apoptosis in brain tissue. It was observed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene decreased and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene (BCL-2)-associated X (BAX) protein increased in EMF groups, as well as apoptosis formation. On the other hand, it was concluded that ginseng decreased the harmful effects by increasing the expression of the COX-2 gene and decreasing the BAX protein in this process leading to apoptosis.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects · Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications · Physical Activity and Education Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
Genetic Research Unit, Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
Funding
Süleyman Demirel University
References (29)
Show source-provided references
1. Mahboubi, A. (2022, January 6). The Side Effects of Electromagnetic Waves on the Human Brain: A review study. Proceedings of the 11th Majlesi Conference on Electrical Engineering, Majlesi, Iran. Available online: https://hal.science/hal-03762538/.
2. Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System10.4062/biomolther.2018.152 ↗
3. The Role of Brain Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) Beyond Neuroinflammation: Neuronal Homeostasis in Memory and Anxiety10.1007/s12035-020-02087-x ↗
4. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004 ↗
5. Recent progress (2015–2020) in the investigation of the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1, a main active ingredient in Panax ginseng Meyer10.1016/j.jgr.2021.07.008 ↗
6. Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.026 ↗
7. Multitarget effects of Korean red ginseng in animal model of Parkinson’s disease: Antiapoptosis, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity10.1016/j.jgr.2018.01.002 ↗
8. The physiopathological effects of quercetin on oxidative stress in radiation of 4.5 g mobile phone exposed liver tissue of rat
9. Polk, C., and Postow, E. (1996). Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, CRC Press. [1st ed.].
10. Bancroft, J.D., Stevens, A., and Turner, D.R. (1996). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone.
11. Şenol, N., Kaya, E., Coşkun, Ö., Aslankoç, R., and Çömlekçi, S. (2023). Evaluation of the Effects of a 50 Hz Electric Field on Brain Tissue by Immunohistochemical Method, and on Blood Tissue by Biochemical, Physiological and Comet Method. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app13053276 ↗
12. Neurochemical regulation of the expression and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes10.1002/glia.23734 ↗
13. Effect of ultra-wide-band electromagnetic pulses on blood-brain barrier permeability in rats
14. Electromagnetic waves from mobile phones may affect rat brain during development
15. GFAP Expression in the Rat Brain Following Sub-Chronic Exposure to a 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field Signal10.3109/09553000903567946 ↗
16. Continuous exposure to 900 MHz GSM-modulated EMF alters morphological maturation of neural cells10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.061 ↗
17. Biochemical and histological studies on adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on rat’s brain10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.07.009 ↗
18. Long term exposure to cell phone frequencies (900 and 1800 MHz) induces apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative stress and TRPV1 channel activation in the hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion of rats10.1007/s11011-017-0180-4 ↗
19. Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by 3G Mobile Phones on Rat Brains: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation10.1177/0960327111412092 ↗
20. The Effects of Long-Term Exposure of Magnetic Field via 900-Mhz GSM Radiation on Some Biochemical Parameters and Brain Histology in Rats10.3109/15368378.2012.662192 ↗
21. Melatonin Modulates NMDA-Receptor 2B/Calpain-1/Caspase-12 Pathways in Rat Brain After Long Time Exposure to GSM Radiation
22. SIRT1 exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury via targeting p53/microRNA-2210.3892/ijmm.2016.2806 ↗
23. 2.45 GHz microwave radiation impairs learning and spatial memory via oxidative/nitrosative stress induced p53-dependent/independent hippocampal apoptosis: Molecular basis and underlying mechanism10.1093/toxsci/kfv205 ↗
24. Biochemical Modifications and Neuronal Damage in Brain of Young and Adult Rats after Long-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiations10.1007/s12013-014-9990-8 ↗
25. Effects of 2.45 GHz Non-Ionizing Radiation on Anxiety-Like Behavior, Gene Expression, and Corticosterone Level in Male Rats10.34172/jlms.2022.56 ↗
26. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces the expression of COX-2 through activation of eIF2α, p38-MAPK and NF-κB in advanced glycation end products stimulated human chondrocytes10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.021 ↗
27. Arachidonoyl-ethanolamide activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-apoptosis in tumorigenic keratinocytes: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 and novel J-series prostamides10.1002/mc.22257 ↗
28. BAX inhibitor-1: Between stress and survival10.1111/febs.15179 ↗
29. Blocking COX-2 induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation via the Akt/survivin-and Akt/ID3 pathway in low-grade-glioma10.1007/s11060-017-2380-5 ↗