journal article·2025-08-04Open access

Profiling External Load in U14 Basketball: Cluster Analysis of Competition Performance Using Inertial Devices

João Rocha, João Serrano, Pablo López-Sierra, Sergio J. Ibáñez

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 15

Abstract

Physical performance data is essential for planning youth training effectively; however, there is a lack of scientific information regarding performance in youth competitions. To address this gap, an innovative study was conducted with Portuguese U14 regional selections. Each player was equipped with a WimuPro™ inertial device. Six variables were considered: accelerations, decelerations, speed, player load, impacts, and high impacts. The objective of this study, based on data from official competitions, was to statistically analyze the distribution and intensity thresholds of six physical performance variables across five defined zones. A cluster k-means analysis was performed for a significance value of p < 0.05. Five zones were identified for all variables: acceleration [<0.37; 0.37 to 0.81; 0.81 to 1.54; 1.54 to 3.49; >3.49 m/s2], deceleration [<−0.26; −0.27 to −0.63; −0.63 to −1.22; −1.22 to −2.545; >−2.54 m/s2], speed [<5.42; 5.42 to 10.19; 10.20 to 14.63; 14.64 to 18.59; >18.59 km/h2], player load [<1.07; 1.07 to 1.36; 1.37 to 1.63; 1.64 to 1.95; >1.95 u.a./min], impacts [<133.45; 133.45 to 158.75; 158.76 to 181.45; 181.46 to 206.59; >206.59 cont/min], and high impacts [<1.13; 1.14 to 2.11; 2.12 to 3.13; 3.14 to 4.42; >4.42 cont/min]. These intensity zones should be taken into account to optimize training and enhance the understanding of competition in U14 basketball.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Sports Performance and Training · Sports injuries and prevention · Cardiovascular and exercise physiology

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo [GOERD], Universidad de Extremadura, 10002 Cáceres, Spain

Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center [SPRINT], Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal

Funding

Research Group Support Grant · European Union · Ministry of Finance of Spain · Portuguese Basketball Federation · “Formación de Profesorado Universitario 2023” of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities

References (57)

Show source-provided references
1. Physical Demands in Three Different Basketball Competitions Played By the Same Under-18 Players10.26773/mjssm.210909 ↗
2. Are acute player workloads associated with in-game performance in basketball?10.5114/biolsport.2021.102805 ↗
3. Román, M.R., García-Rubio, J., Feu, S., and Ibáñez, S.J. (2019). Training and Competition Load Monitoring and Analysis of Women’s Amateur Basketball by Playing Position: Approach Study. Front. Psychol., 9.10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02689 ↗
4. External and Internal Load Variables Encountered During Training and Games in Female Basketball Players According to Playing Level and Playing Position: A Systematic Review10.1186/s40798-022-00498-9 ↗
5. Ibanez, S.J., Gomez-Carmona, C.D., and Mancha-Triguero, D. (2022). Individualization of Intensity Thresholds on External Workload Demands in Women’s Basketball by K-Means Clustering: Differences Based on the Competitive Level. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22010324 ↗
6. Feu, S., García-Ceberino, J.M., López-Sierra, P., and Ibáñez, S.J. (2023). Training to Compete: Are Basketball Training Loads Similar to Competition Achieved?. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app132212512 ↗
7. Antoranz, Y., Alonso-Pérez-Chao, E., Tejero-González, C.M., Salazar, H., del Campo-Vecino, J., and Jiménez-Sáiz, S.L. (2024). Exploring External Peak Demands: The Influence of Contextual Factors on Male Basketball Players. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app142210542 ↗
8. Load Monitoring System in Top-Level Basketball Team: Relationship between External and Internal Training Load10.26582/k.50.1.4 ↗
9. The Relationships between Internal and External Training Load Models During Basketball Training10.1519/JSC.0000000000000458 ↗
10. Correlation among repeated sprint ability, vertical force-velocity profile, and 30-15 IFT performance in elite youth basketball players10.17398/1885-7019.21.13 ↗
11. Ibáñez, S.J., Gómez-Carmona, C.D., López-Sierra, P., and Feu, S. (2024). Intensity Thresholds for External Workload Demands in Basketball: Is Individualization Based on Playing Positions Necessary?. Sensors, 24.10.3390/s24041146 ↗
12. Selection-Dependent Differences in Youth Elite Basketball Players’ Relative Age, Maturation-Related Characteristics, and Motor Performance10.1080/02701367.2024.2311644 ↗
13. Relationships Between Internal and External Training Load in Team-Sport Athletes: Evidence for an Individualized Approach10.1123/ijspp.2015-0791 ↗
14. Reina, M., García-Rubio, J., Pino-Ortega, J., and Ibáñez, S.J. (2019). The Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles of U-18 Women’s Basketball Players during Competitive Matches. Sports, 5.10.3390/sports7070165 ↗
15. Analysis of weekly internal and external load fluctuation in professional basketball10.26582/k.56.2.8 ↗
16. Comparison of the Movement Characteristics Based on Position-Specific Between Semi-Elite and Elite Basketball Players
17. Petway, A.J., Freitas, T.T., Calleja-González, J., Leal, D.M., and Alcaraz, P.E. (2020). Training load and match-play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15.10.1371/journal.pone.0229212 ↗
18. Players’ technical and physical performance profiles and game-to-game variation in NBA10.1080/24748668.2017.1352432 ↗
19. Physical and Physiological Demands of Experienced Male Basketball Players During a Competitive Game10.1519/JSC.0000000000001577 ↗
20. Gómez-Carmona, C.D., Bastida-Castillo, A., Ibáñez, S.J., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15.10.1371/journal.pone.0236643 ↗
21. Ibáñez, S.J., López-Sierra, P., Lorenzo, A., and Feu, S. (2023). Kinematic and Neuromuscular Ranges of External Loading in Professional Basketball Players during Competition. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app132111936 ↗
22. Intensity Zones and Intensity Thresholds Used to Quantify External Load in Competitive Basketball: A Systematic Review10.1007/s40279-024-02058-5 ↗
23. Physical demands of elite basketball during an official U18 international tournament10.1080/02640414.2019.1647033 ↗
24. Ramos, S.A., Massuça, L.M., Volossovitch, A., Ferreira, A.P., and Fragoso, I. (2021). Morphological and Fitness Attributes of Young Male Portuguese Basketball Players: Normative Values According to Chronological Age and Years From Peak Height Velocity. Front. Sports Act. Living, 3.10.3389/fspor.2021.629453 ↗
25. Neuromuscular Responses to Conditioned Soccer Sessions Assessed via GPS-Embedded Accelerometers: Insights Into Tactical Periodization10.1123/ijspp.2017-0045 ↗
26. Anthropometry and performance of top youth international male basketball players in Spanish national academy10.20960/nh.1897 ↗
27. Gómez-Carmona, C.D., Mancha-Triguero, D., Pino-Ortega, J., and Ibáñez, S.J. (2021). Multi-Location External Workload Profile in Women’s Basketball Players. A Case Study at the Semiprofessional-Level. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21134277 ↗
28. Injury incidence among adolescent and senior basketball players: A prospective study in 19 teams across an entire season10.1080/00913847.2023.2284133 ↗
29. Ibáñez, S.J., Piñar, M.I., García, D., and Mancha-Triguero, D. (2023). Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Performance during Competition in Professional Women’s Basketball Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.10.3390/ijerph20020988 ↗
30. The use of inertial devices in wheelchair basketball: Exploratory systematic review
31. Past, present, and future of the technological tracking methods to assess tactical variables in team sports: A systematic review
32. Rico-González, M., Los Arcos, A., Clemente, F.M., Rojas-Valverde, D., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). Accuracy and Reliability of Local Positioning Systems for Measuring Sport Movement Patterns in Stadium-Scale: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10175994 ↗
33. A review of player monitoring approaches in basketball: Current trends and future directions10.1519/JSC.0000000000001964 ↗
34. The importance of selection in basketball
35. Technical Innovation and Trend Analysis in Basketball Training
36. Is it enough to use the traditional approach based on average values for basketball physical performance analysis?10.1080/17461391.2020.1838618 ↗
37. Individualized and Fixed Thresholds to Demarcate PlayerLoad Intensity Zones Produce Different Outcomes10.1519/JSC.0000000000003001 ↗
38. Preparing for the youth basketball European Championship: Perceptual response and acute effects of an injury prevention program10.1177/17479541221142511 ↗
39. Höner, O., Leyhr, D., and Kelava, A. (2017). The influence of speed abilities and technical skills in early adolescence on adult success in soccer: A long-term prospective analysis using ANOVA and SEM approaches. PLoS ONE, 12.10.1371/journal.pone.0182211 ↗
40. Guimarães, E., Baxter-Jones, A., Maia, J., Fonseca, P., Santos, A., Santos, E., Tavares, F., and Janeira, M.A. (2019). The roles of growth, maturation, physical fitness, and technical skills on selection for a Portuguese under-14 years basketball team. Sports, 7.10.3390/sports7030061 ↗
41. Reina, M., García-Rubio, J., and Ibáñez, S.J. (2020). Activity Demands and Speed Profile of Young Female Basketball Players Using Ultra-Wide Band Technology. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.10.3390/ijerph17051477 ↗
42. A classification system for research designs in psychology
43. World Medical Association (2025). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc., 333, 71–74.10.1001/jama.2024.21972 ↗
44. Accuracy, intra- and inter-unit reliability, and comparison between GPS and UWB-based position-tracking systems used for time-motion analyses in soccer10.1080/17461391.2018.1427796 ↗
45. Validity and reliability of an eight antennae ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure performance in an indoor environment10.1080/14763141.2020.1830162 ↗
46. Almeria, E.U. (2020). El Sport Scientist y la Monitorización de la Carga con EPTS en Deportes de Equipo, Universidad Almeria.
47. HUDL (2025, July 29). Sistema de Análise de Desempenho Desportivo. Available online: https://www.hudl.com/blog/s%C3%A9rie-de-tecnologias-de-desempenho-an%C3%A1lise-de-desempenho.
48. Monitoring Elite Soccer Players Physical Performance Using Real-Time Data Generated by Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems10.1519/JSC.0000000000004082 ↗
49. Vázquez-Guerrero, J., Fernández-Valdés, B., Jones, B., Moras, G., Reche, X., and Sampaio, J. (2019). Changes in physical demands between game quarters of U18 elite official basketball games. PLoS ONE, 14.10.1371/journal.pone.0221818 ↗
50. Average Game Physical Demands and the Most Demanding Scenarios of Basketball Competition in Various Age Groups10.2478/hukin-2021-0070 ↗
51. Garcia, F., Vicens-Bordas, J., Espasa-Labrador, J., Peña, J., and Calleja-González, J. (2024). Comparing Average and Peak Physical Demands and Well-Being Status During Basketball Back-to-Back Games. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app142311374 ↗
52. Sosa, C., Alonso-Pérez-Chao, E., Ribas, C., Schelling, X., and Lorenzo, A. (2025). Description and Classification of Training Drills, Based on Biomechanical and Physiological Load, in Elite Basketball. Sensors, 25.10.3390/s25010262 ↗
53. Monitoring Training Load and Well-Being During the In-Season Phase in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Men’s Basketball10.1123/ijspp.2017-0689 ↗
54. The Relationships Between External and Internal Workloads During Basketball Training and Games10.1123/ijspp.2019-0722 ↗
55. Elite basketball game external load varies between different teams and competition10.26582/k.56.1.12 ↗
56. Training load monitoring by position and task in professional men’s basketball
57. Scanlan, A., and Dalbo, J. (2019). Improving Practice and Performance in Basketball. Sports, 7.10.3390/sports7090197 ↗