Influence of Crank Angle Offset on the Mechanical Performance of Different Hydrogen-Fueled Opposed-Piston Engine Architectures
Source abstract
Abstract
Decarbonization of the automotive sector is essential to achieve global climate goals, as passenger cars contribute a substantial share of CO2 emissions. This research project focuses on the preliminary design of an innovative 2-stroke hydrogen-fueled opposed-piston engine, offering a promising solution for reducing emissions from passenger cars. Hydrogen enables clean combustion due to its carbon-free nature and allows the possibility of nearly-zero NOx emissions when burned in an ultra-lean mixture. Although the ultra-lean mixture inevitably leads to a significant drop in performance, the opposed-piston engine architecture offers a potential solution for maintaining power output and overall dimensions comparable to traditional internal combustion engines. The study addressed the global balancing of the engine. Unlike conventional engines, the opposed-piston engine presents non-trivial challenges, such as the interaction between the two crankshafts. Two engine architectures are addressed: 3-cylinder and 4-cylinder.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies · Biodiesel Production and Applications · Tribology and Lubrication Engineering
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Engineering Department “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
Funding
European Union-Next generation EU · Sustainable Mobility Center (Centro Nazionale per la Mobilità Sostenibile—CNMS)
References (25)
Show source-provided references
1. Estevez, R., Aguado-Deblas, L., López-Tenllado, F.J., Bautista, F.M., Romero, A.A., and Luna, D. (2024). Internal Combustion Engines and Carbon-Neutral Fuels: A Perspective on Emission Neutrality in the European Union. Energies, 17.10.3390/en17051172 ↗
2. Comparative Experimental Study on Macroscopic Spray Characteristics of Various Oxygenated Diesel Fuels10.1002/ese3.1409 ↗
3. Implementation of Various Injection Rate Shapes in an Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine with Special Emphasis on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics10.1016/j.energy.2024.132035 ↗
4. Piergiacomi, A., Barbieri, S.G., Renso, F., Mangeruga, V., and Giacopini, M. (2023). Investigation via Finite Element Analysis of the Influence of Boiling on the Thermo-Structural Behavior of the Engine. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2023-24-0184 ↗
5. Serrano, J.R., Novella, R., and Piqueras, P. (2019). Why the Development of Internal Combustion Engines Is Still Necessary to Fight against Global Climate Change from the Perspective of Transportation. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9214597 ↗
6. Martins, J., and Brito, F.P. (2020). Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13164086 ↗
7. Volza, A., Scrignoli, F., Caprioli, S., Mattarelli, E., and Rinaldini, C.A. (2023). Exploring the Potential of Hydrogen Opposed Piston Engines for Single-Cylinder Electric Generators: A Computational Study. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2023-24-0128 ↗
8. Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001 ↗
9. Numerical Investigation on Recess Geometry Amelioration of an Ammonia-Hydrogen Zero-Carbon Wankel Engine10.1016/j.renene.2025.122497 ↗
10. Pirault, J.-P., and Flint, M. (2010). Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, SAE International.10.4271/R-378 ↗
11. Mattarelli, E., Cantore, G., and Alberto, C. (2013). Advances in The Design of Two-Stroke, High Speed, Compression Ignition Engines. Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Fuel Technologies, InTech.10.5772/54204 ↗
12. Herold, R.E., Wahl, M.H., Regner, G., Lemke, J.U., and Foster, D.E. (2011). Thermodynamic Benefits of Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engines. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2011-01-2216 ↗
13. Mattarelli, E., Caprioli, S., Savioli, T., Volza, A., Di Gaetano Iftene, C.M., and Rinaldini, C.A. (2024). Virtual Development of a Single-Cylinder Hydrogen Opposed Piston Engine. Energies, 17.10.3390/en17215262 ↗
14. Lee, H., and Lee, M.-J. (2021). Recent Advances in Ammonia Combustion Technology in Thermal Power Generation System for Carbon Emission Reduction. Energies, 14.10.3390/en14185604 ↗
15. Ma, F., Guo, L., Li, Z., Zeng, X., Zheng, Z., Li, W., Zhao, F., and Yu, W. (2023). A Review of Current Advances in Ammonia Combustion from the Fundamentals to Applications in Internal Combustion Engines. Energies, 16.10.3390/en16176304 ↗
16. Sharma, V., Panesar, A., de Sercey, G., and Begg, S. (2024). A Review of Ammonia Combustion and Emissions Characteristics in Spark-Ignition Engines and Future Road Map. Energies, 18.10.3390/en18010041 ↗
17. Heifetz, M., and Marsh, M. (1984). Engine Dynamics and Balancing. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/840914 ↗
18. Dagna, A., Delprete, C., and Gastaldi, C. (2021). A General Framework for Crankshaft Balancing and Counterweight Design. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11198997 ↗
19. Changming, H., and Sichuan, X. (2016). The Investigation of Self-Balanced Property and Vibration on the Particular Crankshaft System for an Opposed Piston Engine. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2016-01-1768 ↗
20. Ferrari, G. (2014). Internal Combustion Engines, Societa Editrice Esculapio.10.15651/978-88-748-8765-1 ↗
21. Hoag, K., and Dondlinger, B. (2016). Vehicular Engine Design, Springer. Powertrain.10.1007/978-3-7091-1859-7 ↗
22. Basshuysen, V. (2016). Fred Schäfer Internal Combustion Engine Handbook: Basics, Components, Systems, and Perspectives, SAE International.
23. Mattarelli, E., Rinaldini, C., Savioli, T., Cantore, G., Warey, A., Potter, M., Gopalakrishnan, V., and Balestrino, S. (2017). Scavenge Ports Optimization of a 2-Stroke Opposed Piston Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2017-24-0167 ↗
24. Taylor, C.F. (1985). Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/3851.001.0001 ↗
25. Morton, R., Riviere, R., and Geyer, S. (2017). Understanding Limits to the Mechanical Efficiency of Opposed Piston Engines. SAE Technical Papers, SAE International.10.4271/2017-01-1026 ↗