An Innovative Approach for Forecasting Hydroelectricity Generation by Benchmarking Tree-Based Machine Learning Models

Hydroelectricity, one of the oldest and most potent forms of renewable energy, not only provides low-cost electricity for the grid but also preserves nature through flood control and irrigation support. Forecasting hydroelectricity generation is vital for utilizing alleviating resources effectively, optimizing energy production, and ensuring sustainability. This paper provides an innovative approach to hydroelectricity generation forecasting (HGF) of a 138 MW hydroelectric power plant (HPP) in the Eastern Mediterranean by taking electricity productions from the remaining upstream HPPs on the Ceyhan River within the same basin into account, unlike prior research focusing on individual HPPs. In light of tuning hyperparameters such as number of trees and learning rates, this paper presents a thorough benchmark of the state-of-the-art tree-based machine learning models, namely categorical boosting (CatBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machines (LightGBM). The comprehensive data set includes historical hydroelectricity generation, meteorological conditions, market pricing, and calendar variables acquired from the transparency platform of the Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) and MERRA-2 reanalysis of the NASA with hourly resolution. Although all three models demonstrated successful performances, LightGBM emerged as the most accurate and efficient model by outperforming the others with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) (97.07%), the lowest root mean squared scaled error (RMSSE) (0.1217), and the shortest computational time (1.24 s). Consequently, it is considered that the proposed methodology demonstrates significant potential for advancing the HGF and will contribute to the operation of existing HPPs and the improvement of power dispatch planning.