journal article·2025-04-18Open access

Optimization Strategies in Quantum Machine Learning: A Performance Analysis

Nouf Ali AL Ajmi, Muhammad Shoaib

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 8

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive comparison of multiple optimization algorithms applied to a quantum classification model, utilizing the Cleveland dataset. Specifically, the research focuses on three prominent optimizers—COBYLA, L-BFGS-B, and ADAM—each employing distinct methodologies and widely recognized in the domain of quantum machine learning. The performance of predictive models using these optimizers is rigorously evaluated through key metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The findings reveal that the COBYLA optimizer outperforms the L-BFGS-B and ADAM optimizers across all performance metrics, achieving an accuracy of 92%, precision of 89%, recall of 97%, and F1 score of 93%. Furthermore, the COBYLA optimizer exhibits superior computational efficiency, requiring only 1 min of training time compared to 6 min for L-BFGS-B and 10 min for ADAM. These results underscore the critical role played by optimizer selection in enhancing model performance and efficiency in quantum machine learning applications, offering valuable insights for practitioners in the field.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saudi University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

Funding

Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University

References (47)

Show source-provided references
1. Marella, S.T., and Parisa, H.S.K. (2020). Introduction to Quantum Computing. Quantum Computing and Communications, IntechOpen.
2. Herman, D., Googin, C., Liu, X., Galda, A., Safro, I., Sun, Y., and Pistoia, M. (2022). A survey of quantum computing for finance. arXiv.10.1038/s42254-023-00603-1 ↗
3. Quantum-Inspired Support Vector Machine10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3084467 ↗
4. Rapid solution of problems by quantum computation
5. Shor, P.W. (1994, January 20–22). Algorithm for Quantum Computation: Discrete Logarithms and Factoring. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
6. Quantum Algorithm Implementations for Beginners10.1145/3517340 ↗
7. Machine Learning: Quantum Vs Classical10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3041719 ↗
8. Power of data in quantum machine learning10.1038/s41467-021-22539-9 ↗
9. Quantum machine learning in feature Hilbert spaces10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.040504 ↗
10. Chakraborty, S., Das, T., Sutradhar, S., Das, M., and Deb, S. (2020, January 10–12). An Analytical Review of Quantum Neural Network Models and Relevant Research. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India.10.1109/ICCES48766.2020.9137960 ↗
11. Variational quantum algorithms10.1038/s42254-021-00348-9 ↗
12. Review of Ansatz Designing Techniques for Variational Quantum Algorithms10.1088/1742-6596/2634/1/012043 ↗
13. Variational quantum algorithms for nonlinear problems10.1103/PhysRevA.101.010301 ↗
14. Qubit neural network and its learning efficiency10.1007/s00521-004-0446-8 ↗
15. Recent Developments and Applications in Quantum Neural Network: A Review10.1007/s11831-018-9269-0 ↗
16. Training an Artificial Neural Network Using Qubits as Artificial Neurons: A Quantum Computing Approach10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.061 ↗
17. Systematic Literature Review: Quantum Machine Learning and its applications
18. Nielsen, M.A., and Chuang, I.L. (2004). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1st ed.].
19. Ezhov, A.A., and Ventura, D. (2000). Quantum neural Networks. Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and Information Sciences, Springer.10.1007/978-3-7908-1856-7_11 ↗
20. Diabetes Prediction Using an Optimized Variational Quantum Classifier10.1155/int/1351522 ↗
21. Yi, Z. (2018, January 10–12). Evaluation and Implementation of Convolutional Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Algorithms and Control Engineering, Pingtung, Taiwan.
22. Training of quantum circuits on a hybrid quantum computer10.1126/sciadv.aaw9918 ↗
23. Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms for Binary Classification10.3390/software3040024 ↗
24. Al-Zafar Khan, M., Al-Karaki, J., and Omar, M. (2024). Predicting Water Quality using Quantum Machine Learning: The Case of the Umgeni Catchment (U20A) Study Region. arXiv.
25. Aminpour, S., Banad, Y., and Sharif, S. (2024). Strategic Data Re-Uploads: A Pathway to Improved Quantum Classification Data Re-Uploading Strategies for Improved Quantum Classifier Performance. arXiv.
26. Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 ↗
27. Robustness of Adaptive Neural Network Optimization Under Training Noise10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062990 ↗
28. Abohashima, Z., Elhoseny, M., Houssein, E.H., and Mohamed, M. (2020). Classification with Quantum Machine Learning: A survey. arXiv.
29. UC Irvine Machine Learning Repositroy (2023, November 04). Heart Disease. Available online: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/45/heart+disease.
30. Classification models for heart disease prediction using feature selection and PCA10.1016/j.imu.2020.100330 ↗
31. Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting Heart Disease: A Comparative Analysis Using the Cleveland Heart Disease Dataset
32. Han, J., Kamber, M., and Pei, J. (2012). Data Mining: Concepts and Technique, The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems, Elsevier. [3rd ed.].
33. Medium (2024, February 02). Building a Quantum Variational Classifier Using Real-World Data. Qiskit. Available online: https://medium.com/qiskit/building-a-quantum-variational-classifier-using-real-world-data-809c59eb17c2.
34. IBM Quantum Documentation (2024, February 01). RealAmplitudes. Available online: https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/0.30/qiskit.circuit.library.RealAmplitudes.
35. Mangini, S. (2023). Variational Quantum Algorithms for Machine Learning Theory and Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pavia].
36. Terven, J., Cordova-Esparza, D.M., Ramirez-Pedraza, A., Chavez-Urbiola, E.A., and Romero-Gonzalez, J.A. (2023). Loss Functions and Metrics in Deep Learning. arXiv.
37. Comparative Analysis of Optimizers in Deep Neural Networks
38. Vishwakarma, N. (2024, January 08). What Is Adam Optimizer?. Available online: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2023/09/what-is-adam-optimizer/#:~:text=The%20Adam%20optimizer%2C%20short%20for,Stochastic%20Gradient%20Descent%20with%20momentum.
39. Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran subroutines for large-scale bound-constrained optimization10.1145/279232.279236 ↗
40. Algorithm for Numerical Solution of the Optimal Control Problem for One Hydrodynamics Model Using the COBYLA Method
41. Powers, T., and Rajapakse, R.M. (2023). Using Variational Eigensolvers on Low-End Hardware to Find the Ground State Energy of Simple Molecules. Quantum Physics. arXiv.
42. Wendorff, A., Botero, E., and Alonso, J.J. (2016, January 13–17). Comparing Different Off-the-Shelf Optimizers’ Performance in Conceptual Aircraft Design. Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Washington, DC, USA.10.2514/6.2016-3362 ↗
43. IBM Quantum Documentation (2024, December 01). L_BFGS_B. Available online: https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/0.40/qiskit.algorithms.optimizers.L_BFGS_B.
44. Su, Y., Song, K., Yu, K., Hu, Z., and Jin, H. (2024). Quantitative Study of Predicting the Effect of the Initial Gap on Mechanical Behavior in Resistance Spot Welding Based on L-BFGS-B. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17194746 ↗
45. Brownlee, J. (2024, November 26). Gentle Introduction to the Adam Optimization Algorithm for Deep Learning. Deep Learning Performance. Available online: https://machinelearningmastery.com/adam-optimization-algorithm-for-deep-learning/.
46. Ruder, S. (2017). An overview of gradient descent optimization. arXiv.
47. A comparison of various classical optimizers for a variational quantum linear solver10.1007/s11128-021-03140-x ↗