journal article·2025-02-20Open access

Research Status and Progress of All-Position Narrow-Gap GMAW for Pipelines

Wenji Liu, Qing Li, Jianfeng Yue, Peng Zhu, Bing Li

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 5

Abstract

During the all-position narrow-gap welding process of pipelines, welding defects tend to occur in non-flat welding positions, constraining the quality and efficiency of pipeline construction. This paper addresses the sidewall and interlayer lack of fusion defects that commonly arise in all-position pipeline welding. Based on the research achievements of scholars and engineering technicians at home and abroad in recent years, the paper summarizes the influence laws of droplet transfer characteristics, arc morphology, and molten pool behavior on weld seam formation under different welding positions during gas metal arc welding. Additionally, the paper explores strategies for optimizing weld bead formation, including optimizing welding process parameters, controlling the molten pool flow with an external magnetic field, and using laser–arc hybrid welding. The paper points out the development trends of all-position pipeline welding technology, providing technical guidance and problem-solving ideas for alleviating the flow of the molten pool and optimizing the formation of all-position weld seams in engineering practice. Furthermore, it offers direction for scientific research for relevant researchers.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis · GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China

References (76)

Show source-provided references
1. Yin, T., Wang, J., Zhao, H., Zhou, L., Xue, Z., and Wang, H. (2022). Research on Filling Strategy of Pipeline Multi-Layer Welding for Compound Narrow Gap Groove. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15175967 ↗
2. Development of an automatic orbital welding system with robust weaving width control and a seam-tracking function for narrow grooves10.1007/s00170-017-0562-0 ↗
3. Forces analysis of droplets and accurate control of metal transfer in GMAW by utilizing droplet resonance10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.08.028 ↗
4. The influence of bypass current on metal transfer in dual-bypass gas metal arc welding10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.01.015 ↗
5. Estimation and control of droplet size and frequency in projected spray mode of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process10.1016/j.isatra.2011.02.004 ↗
6. Numerical simulation of the transition of metal transfer from globular to spray mode in gas metal arc welding using phase field method10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.036 ↗
7. Effect of Pulse Parameters on Weld Quality in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding: A Review10.1007/s11665-010-9717-y ↗
8. Possibilities of a control of the droplet detachment in pulsed gas metal arc welding: Droplet detachment control (DDC)10.1007/s40194-013-0069-8 ↗
9. Zhai, P., Xue, S., Wang, J., Tao, Y., Chen, W., Chen, T., and Ji, S. (2020). Comparative Study of Droplet Transfer Modes on Appearance, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Weld during Pulsed GMAW. Metals, 10.10.3390/met10050611 ↗
10. Zhai, P., Xue, S., Wang, J., Chen, W., Chen, T., and Ji, S. (2020). Effects of Arc Length Adjustment on Weld Bead Formation and Droplet Transfer in Pulsed GMAW Based on Datum Current Time. Metals, 10.10.3390/met10050665 ↗
11. Influence factors and control methods of droplet transfer in narrow gap P-GMAW overhead welding position
12. Droplet transfer behavior and weld formation of gas metal arc welding for high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.03.048 ↗
13. Bao, Y., Xue, R., Zhou, J., and Xu, Y. (2023). Effect of Increasing Oscillation Width on the Arc Characteristics and Droplet Transfer Behavior of X80 Steel in the Overhead Welding Position of Narrow Gap P-GMAW. Metals, 13.10.3390/met13071314 ↗
14. Research on droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap GMA welding
15. Influence of gap on droplet transition of GMAW vertical welding and characteristics of temperature field
16. Behavior of the plasma characteristic and droplet transfer in CO2 laser–GMAW-P hybrid welding10.1007/s00170-014-5731-9 ↗
17. Effect of laser power on pulsed laser-induced MAG hybrid overhead welding of 4-mm-X70 pipeline steel10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109460 ↗
18. Process stability and parameters optimization of narrow-gap laser vertical welding with hot wire for thick stainless steel in nuclear power plant10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105921 ↗
19. Effect of phase on the behavior of metal transfer in double-wire pulsed GMAW10.1007/s00170-018-2140-5 ↗
20. Arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in pulsed current GMA welding of aluminium alloy10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.113 ↗
21. Numerical analysis of the dynamic behavior of arc by rotating laser-GMAW hybrid welding of T-joints10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109802 ↗
22. Research on the “jump sidewall” behavior and its signal characteristics in narrow gap P-MAG welding10.1007/s00170-016-9796-5 ↗
23. Investigation of humping defect formation in a lap joint at a high-speed hybrid laser-GMA welding10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102341 ↗
24. Arc characteristics and metal transfer behavior in narrow gap gas metal arc welding process10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.02.006 ↗
25. Effects of processing parameters on molten behavior, arc stability, and defect forming in swing-arc narrow gap GMA vertical up welding10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118155 ↗
26. Park, J.-H., Kim, S.-H., Moon, H.-S., and Kim, M.-H. (2019). Influence of Gravity on Molten Pool Behavior and Analysis of Microstructure on Various Welding Positions in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9214626 ↗
27. Molten pool behaviors and weld forming characteristics of all-position tandem narrow gap GMAW10.1007/s00170-016-8644-y ↗
28. Molten pool behaviour and weld forming mechanism of tandem narrow gap vertical GMAW10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000073 ↗
29. A comparison between LBW and hybrid laser-GMAW processes based on microstructure and weld geometry for hardenable steels10.1007/s00170-020-06076-1 ↗
30. Enhancing all-position weldability and weld quality via an innovative laser-GMAW hybrid welding technique with copper liner10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.049 ↗
31. Huang, J., Chen, T., Huang, D., and Xu, T. (2023). Study on the Effect of Pulse Waveform Parameters on Droplet Transition, Dynamic Behavior of Weld Pool, and Weld Microstructure in P-GMAW. Metals, 13.10.3390/met13020199 ↗
32. Backward flowing molten metal in weld pool and its influence on humping bead in high-speed GMAW10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.06.028 ↗
33. Effect of swing arc on molten pool behaviors in narrow-gap GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.04.026 ↗
34. Study of weld formation in swing arc narrow gap vertical GMA welding by numerical modeling and experiment10.1007/s00170-018-1729-z ↗
35. Molten pool behaviors and forming appearance of robotic GMAW on complex surface with various welding positions10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.02.061 ↗
36. CFD simulation of molten pool dynamic behavior on vertical-downward position in P-GMAW process10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105876 ↗
37. A study on molten pool behavior in the one pulse one drop GMAW process using computational fluid dynamics10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.038 ↗
38. A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.02.015 ↗
39. Jardin, R.T., Tuninetti, V., Tchuindjang, J.T., Hashemi, N., Carrus, R., Mertens, A., Duchêne, L., Tran, H.S., and Habraken, A.M. (2020). Sensitivity Analysis in the Modelling of a High Speed Steel Thin-Wall Produced by Directed Energy Deposition. Metals, 10.10.3390/met10111554 ↗
40. Microstructure and impact toughness of reheated coarse grain heat affected zones of API X65 and API X80 linepipe steels10.1016/j.ijpvp.2018.04.004 ↗
41. Comprehensive model of thermal phenomena and phase transformations in laser welding process10.1016/j.compstruc.2016.05.014 ↗
42. The numerical model prediction of phase components and stresses distributions in hardened tool steel for cold work
43. Welding Penetration Research on the Effect of Various Welding Torch Tilt Angles in All-Position Metal Active Gas Arc Welding10.1166/sam.2023.4420 ↗
44. Research on Weld Appearance of X70 Steel Joints Prepared by Laser-MAG Hybrid Welding Process for All-Position Root Welding10.3788/CJL201542.0403002 ↗
45. Effect of workpiece inclination on weld pool shape and weld forming in pulsed MAG welding
46. Study on insufficient fusion of NG-GMAW for 5083 Al alloy10.1007/s00170-017-0485-9 ↗
47. Numerical simulation of the effect of wire feeding speed on the molten pool flow and weld bead morphology of WAAM
48. Li, C., Xu, Y., Zhou, J., and Li, J. (2023). Effects of welding parameters on formation of overhead position MAG surfacing. Weld. Join., 32–38.
49. Effect of magnetic field frequency on the shape of GMAW welding arc and weld microstructure properties10.1088/2053-1591/ab2572 ↗
50. Arc heat input distribution of fillet welding of dissimilar steel with applied transverse magnetic field
51. Arc characteristics in alternating magnetic field assisted narrow gap pulsed GTAW10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.042 ↗
52. Jian, X., and Wu, H. (2020). Influence of the Longitudinal Magnetic Field on the Formation of the Bead in Narrow Gap Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Metals, 10.10.3390/met10101351 ↗
53. Arc Characteristics and Welding Process of Magnetic Field Assisting Plasma-GMAW-P10.29391/2021.100.001 ↗
54. Downward Welding Pool Shape Control Based on Exterior High Frequency Alternative Magnetic Field10.3901/JME.2013.08.065 ↗
55. Experimental and numerical investigation of an electromagnetic weld pool support system for high power laser beam welding of austenitic stainless steel10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.11.013 ↗
56. Study on the application for electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process in overhead and flat position welding10.1179/1362171812Y.0000000070 ↗
57. Suppression of humping bead in high speed GMAW with external magnetic field10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000074 ↗
58. Analysis of additional electromagnetic force for mitigating the humping bead in high-speed gas metal arc welding10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.09.014 ↗
59. Stability evaluation of laser-MAG hybrid welding process10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.03.036 ↗
60. Influence Of Tolerances on weld formation and quality of laser-GMA-hybrid girth welded pipe joints10.1007/BF03263515 ↗
61. Hybrid laser arc welding: State-of-art review10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.038 ↗
62. 3D heat transfer model of hybrid laser Nd:Yag-MAG welding of S355 steel and experimental validation10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.12.010 ↗
63. Residual stress and welding distortion of Al/steel butt joint by arc-assisted laser welding-brazing10.1016/S1003-6326(19)64979-4 ↗
64. Shielding gas effect on weld characteristics in arc-augmented laser welding process of super austenitic stainless steel10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.07.035 ↗
65. Research on weld formation mechanism of laser-MIG arc hybrid welding with butt gap10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106530 ↗
66. Effect of arc on process stability of laser–arc hybrid welding of aluminum alloy
67. Effect of relative position in low-power pulsed-laser tungsten-inert-gas hybrid welding on laser-arc interaction10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.10.045 ↗
68. Characteristics analysis of droplet transfer in laser-MAG hybrid welding process10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.047 ↗
69. Expansion of laser–arc hybrid welding to horizontal and vertical-up welding10.1007/s40194-021-01236-7 ↗
70. Weld Formation of high Strength Steels by low-power pulsed laser Induced mental active gas hybrid welding in overhead positions
71. All-position welding process and performance of pipeline steel by laser-induced arc hybrid welding
72. The Effect of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Processes on Different Welding Parameters10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.342 ↗
73. Modeling for GMAW process with a current waveform control method10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.10.018 ↗
74. Pinto-Lopera, J.E., Motta, J.M.S.T., and Alfaro, S.C.A. (2016). Real-Time Measurement of Width and Height of Weld Beads in GMAW Processes. Sensors, 16.10.3390/s16091500 ↗
75. Analysis of GMAW process with deep learning and machine learning techniques10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.12.052 ↗
76. Effect of the welding direction on the microstructural characterization in fiber laser-GMAW hybrid welding of 5083 aluminum alloy10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.12.010 ↗