journal article·2024-05-05Open access

Winter Wheat Mapping in Shandong Province of China with Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Images

Yongyu Feng, Bingyao Chen, Wei Liu, Xiurong Xue, Tongqing Liu, Linye Zhu, Huaqiao Xing

Applied Sciences· Volume 14· Issue 9

Abstract

Wheat plays an important role in China’s and the world’s food supply, and it is closely related to economy, culture and life. The spatial distribution of wheat is of great significance to the rational planning of wheat cultivation areas and the improvement of wheat yield and quality. The current rapid development of remote sensing technology has greatly improved the efficiency of traditional agricultural surveys. The extraction of crop planting structure based on remote sensing images and technology is a popular topic in many researches. In response to the shortcomings of traditional methods, this research proposed a method based on the fusion of the pixel-based and object-oriented methods to map the spatial distribution of winter wheat. This method was experimented and achieved good results within Shandong Province. The resulting spatial distribution map of winter wheat has an overall accuracy of 92.2% with a kappa coefficient of 0.84. The comparison with the actual situation shows that the accuracy of the actual recognition of winter wheat is higher and better than the traditional pixel-based classification method. On this basis, the spatial pattern of winter wheat in Shandong was analyzed, and it was found that the topographic undulations had a great influence on the spatial distribution of wheat. This study vividly demonstrates the advantages and possibilities of combining pixel-based and object-oriented approaches through experiments, and also provides a reference for the next related research. Moreover, the winter wheat map of Shandong produced in this research is important for yield assessment, crop planting structure adjustment and the rational use of land resources.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Remote Sensing in Agriculture · Remote Sensing and Land Use · Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Shandong Geographical Institute of Land Spatial Data and Remote Sensing Technology, Jinan 250002, China

The Fifth Prospecting Team of Shandong Coal Geology Bureau, Jinan 250100, China

Shandong Yuanhong Survey Planning and Design Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China

College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 102206, China

School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China

The Key Laboratory of Digital Simulation in Spatial Design of Architecture and Urban-Rural, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Jinan 250101, China

Funding

Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation · Youth Innovation Team Project of Higher School in Shandong Province

References (69)

Show source-provided references
1. Winter wheat yield response to plant density as a function of yield environment and tillering potential: A review and field studies10.3389/fpls.2020.00054 ↗
2. Estimating the global number and distribution of maize and wheat farms10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100558 ↗
3. Erenstein, O., Jaleta, M., Mottaleb, K.A., Sonder, K., Donovan, J., and Braun, H.-J. (2022). Wheat Improvement: Food Security in a Changing Climate, Springer International Publishing.
4. Sustainable agriculture through perennial grains: Wheat, rice, maize, and other species. A review10.1016/j.agee.2021.107747 ↗
5. Review and Analysis of Perennial Cereal Crops at Different Maturity Stages10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022111 ↗
6. Current situation and key parameters for improving wheat quality in China10.3389/fpls.2021.638525 ↗
7. Assessment of land degradation in the North China Plain driven by food security goals10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106766 ↗
8. Wang, X. (2022). Managing land carrying capacity: Key to achieving sustainable production systems for food security. Land, 11.10.3390/land11040484 ↗
9. Mapping Irrigated, Rainfed and Paddy Croplands from Time-Series Sentinel-2 Images by Integrating Pixel-based Classification and Image Segmentation on Google Earth Engine10.1080/10106049.2022.2076923 ↗
10. Ren, T., Xu, H., Cai, X., Yu, S., and Qi, J. (2022). Smallholder crop type mapping and rotation monitoring in mountainous areas with Sentinel-1/2 imagery. Remote Sens., 14.10.3390/rs14030566 ↗
11. Cropland data fusion and correction using spatial analysis techniques and the Google Earth Engine10.1080/15481603.2020.1841489 ↗
12. Liu, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Qu, T., Tian, H., Lu, Y., Su, J., Luo, D., and Yang, Y. (2023). A Spatial Distribution Extraction Method for Winter Wheat Based on Improved U-Net. Remote Sens., 15.10.3390/rs15153711 ↗
13. Crop type identification and spatial mapping using Sentinel-2 satellite data with focus on field-level information10.1080/10106049.2020.1805029 ↗
14. Rapid in-season mapping of corn and soybeans using machine-learned trusted pixels from Cropland Data Layer
15. Mapping cropping intensity in China using time series Landsat and Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine10.1016/j.rse.2019.111624 ↗
16. Tassi, A., Gigante, D., Modica, G., Di Martino, L., and Vizzari, M. (2021). Pixel-vs. Object-based landsat 8 data classification in google earth engine using random forest: The case study of maiella national park. Remote Sens., 13.10.3390/rs13122299 ↗
17. Object-based crop classification in Hetao plain using random forest10.1007/s12145-020-00531-z ↗
18. A new combination classification of pixel- and object-based methods10.1080/01431161.2015.1109728 ↗
19. Xiong, J., Thenkabail, P.S., Tilton, J.C., Gumma, M.K., Teluguntla, P., Oliphant, A., Congalton, R.G., Yadav, K., and Gorelick, N. (2017). Nominal 30-m cropland extent map of continental Africa by integrating pixel-based and object-based algorithms using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data on google earth engine. Remote Sens., 9.10.3390/rs9101065 ↗
20. Integrating cloud-based workflows in continental-scale cropland extent classification10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.013 ↗
21. Study on transfer learning ability for classifying marsh vegetation with multi-sensor images using DeepLabV3+ and HRNet deep learning algorithms
22. Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use and its influencing factors at the farming household scale: A case study of Shandong province, China10.1007/s11769-021-1178-8 ↗
23. Qu, Y., Lyu, X., Peng, W., and Xin, Z. (2021). How to evaluate the green utilization efficiency of cultivated land in a farming household? A case study of shandong province, China. Land, 10.10.3390/land10080789 ↗
24. Xie, Y., and Huang, J. (2021). Integration of a crop growth model and deep learning methods to improve satellite-based yield estimation of winter wheat in Henan Province, China. Remote Sens., 13.10.3390/rs13214372 ↗
25. Xu, F., Li, Z., Zhang, S., Huang, N., Quan, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Jiang, X., Pan, J., and Prishchepov, A. (2020). V Mapping winter wheat with combinations of temporally aggregated Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data in Shandong Province, China. Remote Sens., 12.10.3390/rs12122065 ↗
26. Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Guo, Y., Hou, X., and Dong, L. (2022). Winter Wheat Phenology Variation and Its Response to Climate Change in Shandong Province, China. Remote Sens., 14.10.3390/rs14184482 ↗
27. Li, H., Liu, S., Yin, M., Zhu, L., Shen, E., Sun, B., and Wang, S. (2022). Natural Hazards, Springer.
28. Extreme flooding of the lower Yellow River near the Northgrippian-Meghalayan boundary: Evidence from the Shilipu archaeological site in southwestern Shandong Province, China10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106878 ↗
29. Dong, Q., Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhang, C., Liu, L., Cao, X., Zang, Y., Zhu, X., and Cui, X. (2020). Mapping winter wheat in north China using sentinel 2A/B data: A method based on phenology-timeweighted dynamic time warping. Remote Sens., 12.10.3390/rs12081274 ↗
30. Mapping the annual dynamics of cultivated land in typical area of the Middle-lower Yangtze plain using long time-series of Landsat images based on Google Earth Engine10.1080/01431161.2019.1673917 ↗
31. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and prediction analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus surface source pollution in Shandong Province under the climate and land use changes10.3389/fevo.2023.1231394 ↗
32. Comprehensive evaluation of rural courtyard utilization efficiency: A case study in Shandong Province, Eastern China10.1007/s11629-019-5824-x ↗
33. Land-cover mapping using Random Forest classification and incorporating NDVI time-series and texture: A case study of central Shandong10.1080/01431161.2018.1490976 ↗
34. Sun, X., Yu, C., Wang, J., and Wang, M. (2020). The intensity analysis of production living ecological land in Shandong Province, China. Sustainability, 12.10.3390/su12208326 ↗
35. Identifying the spatiotemporal changes of annual harvesting areas for three staple crops in China by integrating multi-data sources10.1088/1748-9326/ab80f0 ↗
36. Intra-annual reflectance composites from Sentinel-2 and Landsat for national-scale crop and land cover mapping10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.031 ↗
37. Monthly estimation of the surface water extent in France at a 10-m resolution using Sentinel-2 data10.1016/j.rse.2020.111803 ↗
38. From parcel to continental scale—A first European crop type map based on Sentinel-1 and LUCAS Copernicus in-situ observations10.1016/j.rse.2021.112708 ↗
39. Mapping of crop types and crop sequences with combined time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data for Germany10.1016/j.rse.2021.112795 ↗
40. Rapid, robust, and automated mapping of tidal flats in China using time series Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine10.1016/j.rse.2021.112285 ↗
41. A land cover change detection method combing spectral values and class probabilities10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3087206 ↗
42. MA-SARNet: A one-shot nowcasting framework for SAR image prediction with physical driving forces10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.10.002 ↗
43. Roteta, E., Bastarrika, A., Franquesa, M., and Chuvieco, E. (2021). Landsat and sentinel-2 based burned area mapping tools in google earth engine. Remote Sens., 13.10.3390/rs13040816 ↗
44. Assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Sentinel-2 images in Mediterranean landscapes
45. Examining rice distribution and cropping intensity in a mixed single- and double-cropping region in South China using all available Sentinel 1/2 images
46. Xing, H., Chen, B., and Lu, M. (2022). A sub-seasonal crop information identification framework for crop rotation mapping in smallholder farming areas with time series sentinel-2 imagery. Remote Sens., 14.10.3390/rs14246280 ↗
47. Mapping cropland extent of Southeast and Northeast Asia using multi-year time-series Landsat 30-m data using a random forest classifier on the Google Earth Engine Cloud
48. Samasse, K., Hanan, N.P., Anchang, J.Y., and Diallo, Y. (2020). A high-resolution cropland map for the West African Sahel based on high-density training data, google earth engine, and locally optimized machine learning. Remote Sens., 12.10.3390/rs12091436 ↗
49. Guo, Y., Xia, H., Pan, L., Zhao, X., and Li, R. (2022). Mapping the Northern Limit of Double Cropping Using a Phenology-Based Algorithm and Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 14.10.3390/rs14041004 ↗
50. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0 ↗
51. Characterization of forest types in Northeastern China, using multi-temporal SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor data10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00051-2 ↗
52. A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)10.1016/0034-4257(88)90106-X ↗
53. A snow-free vegetation index for improved monitoring of vegetation spring green-up date in deciduous ecosystems10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.031 ↗
54. Large-scale crop type and crop area mapping across Brazil using synthetic aperture radar and optical imagery
55. Large-scale crop mapping from multi-source optical satellite imageries using machine learning with discrete grids
56. An improved random forest based on the classification accuracy and correlation measurement of decision trees10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121549 ↗
57. Automated mapping of soybean and corn using phenology10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.05.014 ↗
58. A phenology-based spectral and temporal feature selection method for crop mapping from satellite time series
59. Tassi, A., and Vizzari, M. (2020). Object-oriented lulc classification in google earth engine combining snic, glcm, and machine learning algorithms. Remote Sens., 12.10.3390/rs12223776 ↗
60. Qu, L., Chen, Z., Li, M., Zhi, J., and Wang, H. (2021). Accuracy improvements to pixel-based and object-based LULC classification with auxiliary datasets from google earth engine. Remote Sens., 13.10.3390/rs13030453 ↗
61. Early-season mapping of winter wheat in China based on Landsat and Sentinel images10.5194/essd-12-3081-2020 ↗
62. Automated in-season mapping of winter wheat in China with training data generation and model transfer10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.07.004 ↗
63. Joint superpixel and Transformer for high resolution remote sensing image classification10.1038/s41598-024-55482-y ↗
64. Li, Q., Gu, F., Zhou, Y., Xu, T., Wang, L., Zuo, Q., Xiao, L., Liu, J., and Tian, Y. (2021). Changes in the impacts of topographic factors, soil texture, and cropping systems on topsoil chemical properties in the mountainous areas of the subtropical monsoon region from 2007 to 2017: A case study in Hefeng, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.10.3390/ijerph18020832 ↗
65. Xu, L., Du, H., and Zhang, X. (2019). Spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity and moisture and its influence on agricultural irrigation in the Ili River Valley, China. Sustainability, 11.10.3390/su11247142 ↗
66. Irrigation on the move: How transient farming partnerships facilitate the expansion of smallholder irrigation along ephemeral rivers in dryland areas of Kenya10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107526 ↗
67. The impact of information and communication technology on the technical efficiency of smallholder vegetable farms in Shandong of China10.1093/qopen/qoad017 ↗
68. Wang, X., Sarkar, A., Wang, H., and Zhang, F. (2021). Does participation in agricultural value chain activities influence smallholder fruit grower production performance? A cross-sectional study of apple farmers in Shandong, China. Horticulturae, 7.10.3390/horticulturae7060153 ↗
69. Xing, H., Chen, J., Wu, H., and Hou, D. (2019). A web service-oriented geoprocessing system for supporting intelligent land cover change detection. ISPRS Int. J. Geo.-Inf., 8.10.3390/ijgi8010050 ↗