Impulse Characteristics of Soil Treated with Enhancement Materials and Various Moisture Contents
Source abstract
Abstract
Due to the high mineral contents of additives and enhancement materials (EMs), EMs have become popular in treating soil, which expectedly improves the electrical characteristics of soil. Much of the published work on the effectiveness of EMs is based on investigations at low magnitudes of voltage, current and frequency; however, the study of these EMs under high-impulse conditions has not been widely addressed. In this work, the experimental results of a small-mesh ground electrode without EMs and treated with EMs, where the latter was poured with a controlled amount of water, are presented. The impulse impedance was expected to change appreciably due to the ionic conduction in soil and the use of EMs with a high water content; however, the impulse impedance was found to be weak and dependent on the water content, and the inductive effect was found to be significant at the voltage and current decay times. This indicates that, even though EMs and highly wetted soil can reduce the soil resistivity and relative resistance value, special attention has to be given to the impulse characteristics of the ground electrodes, particularly at tail/decay times.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Electrokinetic Soil Remediation Techniques · Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena · Geophysical Methods and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia
Funding
the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) · Telekom Malaysia Research & Development
References (22)
Show source-provided references
1. (2011). Code of Practice Earthing (Standard No. BS7430:2011).
2. Calculation of resistances of ground10.1109/T-AIEE.1936.5057209 ↗
3. On the analysis of impulse test results on grounding systems10.1109/TIA.2015.2442517 ↗
4. Comparison between utility sub-station and imitative earthing systems when subjected under lightning response10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.042 ↗
5. Sensitivity Analysis of Experimentally Deter-mined Grounding Grid Impulse Characteristics10.1109/61.714473 ↗
6. Lightning current performance of conventional and enhanced rod ground electrodes. IEEE Transactions10.1109/TEMC.2021.3059277 ↗
7. Sekioka, S., Hara, T., and Ametani, A. (1995, January 3–7). Development of a nonlinear model of a concrete pole grounding resistance. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Lisbon, Portugal.
8. Sonoda, T., Takesue, H., and Sekioka, S. (2000, January 18–22). Measurement on surge characteristics of grounding resistance of counterpoises for impulse currents. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, Greece.
9. Androvitsaneas, V.P., Gonos, I.F., and Stathopulos, I.A. (2012, January 2–7). Performance of ground enhancing compounds during the year. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Vienna, Austria.10.1109/ICLP.2012.6344356 ↗
10. Wan Ahmad, W.F.H., Jasni, J., Krishnan, P., and Ab-Kadir, M.Z.A. (2023, January 12–15). Performance of bentonite and vermiculite mixtures as grounding enhancement materials. Proceedings of the 12th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning (APL), Langkawi, Malaysia.10.1109/APL57308.2023.10181413 ↗
11. Siow, C.L., Abd Kadir, M.Z.A., Gomes, C., and Azis, N. (2014, January 11–18). Steady state performance of improvised ufer grounding practice. Proceedings of the International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Shanghai, China.
12. Androvitsaneas, V.P., Christodoulou, C.A., Gonos, I.F., and Stathopulos, I.A. (2018, January 10–13). Electric resistivity variation of ground enhancing compounds under field conditions. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Athens, Greece.10.1109/ICHVE.2018.8641794 ↗
13. Gomes, C., Lalitha, C., and Priyadarshanee, C. (2010, January 13–17). Improvement of earthing systems with backfill materials. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy.10.1109/ICLP.2010.7845822 ↗
14. Experimental study on transient impedance of grounding rods encased in ground enhancing compounds10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.032 ↗
15. Research and applications of ground enhancing compounds in grounding systems10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0233 ↗
16. Impulse characteristics of ground electrodes in low resistivity soil10.1002/tee.23818 ↗
17. Controlled large-scale tests of practical grounding electrodes—Part II: Comparison of analytical and numerical predictions with experimental results10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2298358 ↗
18. Characterisation of ionisation phenomena in soils under fast impulses10.1109/TPWRD.2005.852352 ↗
19. Chow, S. (2013). Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding, John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.. [1st ed.].
20. Performance of earthing systems of low resistivity soils10.1109/TPWRD.2006.874656 ↗
21. (2018). Lightning Protection System Components (LPSC)—Part 7: Requirements for Earthing Enhancing Compounds (Standard No. IEC62561-7).
22. (2013). Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding (Standard No. IEEE Std 80-2013).