Loop-Terminated Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Integrated with Functional Polymer for CO2 Gas Sensing
Source abstract
Abstract
In this work, a numerical study on the loop-terminated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (LT-MZI) structure for CO2 gas sensing applications is carried out via the finite element method. The sensing arm is covered with a polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) polymer which is highly receptive to CO2 gas. The refractive index of the host material decreases due to the absorption of the CO2 gas resulting in a shift in the interference pattern of the LT-MZI structure. As a result, a redshift in the wavelength is observed in the transmission spectrum of the device. The sensitivity of the device is estimated at 7.63 pm/ppm, 34.46 pm/ppm, and 74.78 pm/ppm for the sensing arm lengths of 5 µm, 10 µm, and 15 µm, respectively. The sensitivity can be further enhanced, however, at the cost of the bigger footprint of the device. Utilizing the innovative sensor design, a comprehensive range of CO2 gas concentrations spanning from 0 to 524 ppm is effectively detected. This compact and highly sensitive device serves as a vital tool for monitoring indoor CO2 levels, fostering a healthier breathing environment for all occupants.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Photonic and Optical Devices · Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors · Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. (2024, February 06). Sensors|Free Full-Text|Recent Advances in Integrated Photonic Sensors. Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/11/15558.10.3390/s121115558 ↗
2. František, U., and Jozef, C. (2014, January 15–16). Current trends in photonic sensors. Proceedings of the 2014 24th International Conference Radioelektronika, Bratislava, Slovakia.10.1109/Radioelek.2014.6828404 ↗
3. Boonruang, S., and Mohammed, W.S. (2011, January 17–19). Integrated diffractive optical elements for optical sensors applications. Proceedings of the 2011 2nd International Conference on Photonics, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.10.1109/ICP.2011.6106816 ↗
4. Shahbaz, M., Butt, M.A., and Piramidowicz, R. (2023). A Concise Review of the Progress in Photonic Sensing Devices. Photonics, 10.10.3390/photonics10060698 ↗
5. Hu, D., Zou, C., Ren, H., Lu, J., Le, Z., Qin, Y., Guo, S., Dong, C., and Hu, W. (2020). Multi-Parameter Sensing in a Multimode Self-Interference Micro-Ring Resonator by Machine Learning. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20030709 ↗
6. High Enhancement Strain Sensor Based on Vernier Effect Using 2-Fiber Loop Mirrors10.1109/LPT.2020.3014695 ↗
7. Integrated bio-photonics to revolutionize health care enabled through PIX4life and PIXAPP
8. Butt, M.A., Shahbaz, M., and Piramidowicz, R. (2023). Racetrack Ring Resonator Integrated with Multimode Interferometer Structure Based on Low-Cost Silica–Titania Platform for Refractive Index Sensing Application. Photonics, 10.10.3390/photonics10090978 ↗
9. Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements10.1038/s41377-021-00472-2 ↗
10. Zhao, C., Xu, L., and Liu, L. (2021). Ultrahigh Sensitivity Mach−Zehnder Interferometer Sensor Based on a Weak One-Dimensional Field Confinement Silica Waveguide. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21196600 ↗
11. (2024, April 27). High-Sensitive Plasmonic Sensor Based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer—ScienceDirect. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399220314420.
12. Strip-loaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer for absolute refractive index sensing10.1038/s41598-024-53326-3 ↗
13. On-chip silicon Mach–Zehnder interferometer sensor for ultrasound detection10.1364/OL.44.001928 ↗
14. Refractive index Mach–Zehnder interferometer sensor based on tapered no-core fiber10.1088/1555-6611/abe241 ↗
15. Temperature sensor with enhanced sensitivity based on silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometer with waveguide group index engineering10.1364/OE.26.026057 ↗
16. Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Biochemical Sensor Based on Silicon-on-Insulator Rib Waveguide with Large Cross Section10.3390/s150921500 ↗
17. A gas sensor based on an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer10.1016/0925-4005(92)80384-A ↗
18. Imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated in micromachined silicon substrate for pressure sensor10.1109/50.744229 ↗
19. (2024, May 07). Sagnac Interference in Integrated Photonics|Applied Physics Reviews|AIP Publishing. Available online: https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apr/article/10/1/011309/2881196/Sagnac-interference-in-integrated-photonics.
20. Arianfard, H., Wu, J., and Moss, D.J. (2020, January 2–6). Integrated Photonic Coupled Sagnac Loop Reflectors for Flat-Top Wavelength Interleaving and Switching. Proceedings of the 14th Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO PR 2020) (2020), Paper C11H_4, Optica Publishing Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia. P. C11H_4.10.1364/CLEOPR.2020.C11H_4 ↗
21. (2024, May 07). How Exactly Does Carbon Dioxide Cause Global Warming?—State of the Planet. Available online: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/02/25/carbon-dioxide-cause-global-warming/.
22. Plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide square ring cavity filled with functional material for the detection of CO2 gas10.1364/OE.423141 ↗
23. Indoor CO2 monitoring in a surgical intensive care unit under visitation restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic10.3389/fmed.2023.1052452 ↗
24. Compact all-optical differential-equation solver based on silicon microring resonator10.1007/s12200-012-0186-9 ↗
25. (2024, May 04). CO2, the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: From the Pioneering Work of Arrhenius and Callendar to Today’s Earth System Models—ScienceDirect. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308?via%3Dihub.
26. (2024, May 04). Silicon Microring Refractometric Sensor for Atmospheric CO2 Gas Monitoring. Available online: https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-24-2-1773&id=335762.10.1364/OE.24.001773 ↗
27. (2024, May 04). Optical Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometric CO2 Gas Sensor Using Guanidine Derivative Polymer Functionalized Layer|IEEE Journals & Magazine IEEE Xplore. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8249792/.
28. Guanidine derivative polymer coated microbubble resonator for high sensitivity detection of CO2 gas concentration10.1364/OE.27.001991 ↗
29. Kazanskiy, N.L., Butt, M.A., and Khonina, S.N. (2021). Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Polymer Deposited on Silicon Nano-Cylinders Metasurface. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21020378 ↗
30. Transmission resonances in silicon subwavelength grating slot waveguide with functional host material for sensing applications10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106776 ↗
31. Irfan, M., Khan, Y., Rehman, A.U., Ullah, N., Khonina, S.N., Kazanskiy, N.L., and Butt, M.A. (2023). Plasmonic Perfect Absorber Utilizing Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Polymer for Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensing Application. Materials, 16.10.3390/ma16072629 ↗