Evaluation of Factors Affecting the MgO–C Refractory Lining Degradation in a Basic Oxygen Furnace
Source abstract
Abstract
Identification of the factors influencing refractory lining wear and its residual thickness in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is a prerequisite for optimizing the steelmaking process. In this study, the factors that contribute significantly to the wear of the refractory lining in the most stressed areas of the banded lining (i.e., the trunnion ring area and slag line area) are identified. Knowledge of the rate at which a given factor acts on refractory wear is closely related to the development of technological procedures aimed at limiting its influence. This research evaluates the technological causes and describes the lining wear mechanism and the thermodynamic parameters of the reactions between the MgO–C metal, slag, and gunning material phases. In researching the topic, real operational data were processed using statistical methods and data analysis, which were supported by thermodynamic modeling of chemical reactions. The results show that the combination of technological factors, mechanical action of the raw materials, blowing and free oxygen in the metal, silicon from the pig iron, and slag viscosity have the greatest influence on the residual thickness of the MgO–C refractory lining in BOFs. Refractory gunning material consumption, its effect on campaign length, and the cost-effectiveness of repair work were also analyzed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics · Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Iron and Steelmaking Processes
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Institute of Metallurgy, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia
Funding
Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic
References (48)
Show source-provided references
1. Fruehan, R.J. (1998). The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking and Refining Volume, The AISE Steel Foundation. [11th ed.].
2. Vert, T. (2016). Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.].10.1002/9781119219873 ↗
3. Banerjee, S. (1998). Monolithic Refractories—A Comprehensive Handbook, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. [1st ed.].10.1142/3461 ↗
4. Schacht, C. (2004). Refractories Handbook, Marcel Deker AG. [1st ed.].10.1201/9780203026328 ↗
5. Biswas, S., and Sarkar, D. (2020). Introduction to Refractories for Iron- and Steelmaking, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. [1st ed.].10.1007/978-3-030-43807-4 ↗
6. Staroň, J., and Tomšů, F. (2000). Refractories: Production, Properties and Applications, SLOVMAG. [2nd ed.].
7. Effects of resin and graphite content on density and oxidation behavior of MgO-C refractory bricks10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.03.008 ↗
8. Corrosion behaviours of MgO–C refractories: Incorporation of graphite or pyrolytic carbon black as a carbon source10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.097 ↗
9. Wear of refractories in basic oxygen furnaces (BOF)
10. Oxidation behaviors of MgO-C refractories with different Si/SiC ratio in the 1100–1500 °C range10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.086 ↗
11. Oxidation mechanism of MgO-C in air at various temperatures10.1179/096797800680839 ↗
12. Oxidation kinetics of MgO-C refractory bricks10.1016/S0272-8842(02)00049-4 ↗
13. Kinetic Parameters Estimation of MgO-C Refractory by Shrinking Core Model
14. Oxidation resistance and microstructural evolution in MgO–C refractories with expanded graphite10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.169 ↗
15. The influence of in situ spinel formation on microstructure and phase evolution of MgO–C refractories10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.07.009 ↗
16. In situ hot elastic modulus evolution of MgO–C refractories containing Al, Si or Al–Mg antioxidants10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.080 ↗
17. Decarburisation behaviour of high-carbon MgO-C refractories in O2-CO2 oxidising atmospheres10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.056 ↗
18. McCauley, R.A. (2013). Corrosion of Ceramic Materials, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].
19. A review of slag splashing10.2355/isijinternational.45.619 ↗
20. Valorization of BOF Steel Slag by Reduction and Phase Modification: Metal Recovery and Slag Valorization10.1007/s11663-017-0966-0 ↗
21. Melt corrosion of oxide and oxide–carbon refractories10.1179/095066099101528234 ↗
22. Wetting, spreading and corrosion behavior of molten slag on dense MgO and MgO-C refractory10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.234 ↗
23. Corrosion Behavior of MgO–C Refractory in Ferromanganese Slags10.2355/isijinternational.52.62 ↗
24. Effect of carbon content on the oxidation resistance and kinetics of MgO-C refractory with the addition of Al powder10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.10.010 ↗
25. Effect of carbon content on the mechanical behavior of MgO–C refractories characterized by Hertzian indentation10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.097 ↗
26. Oxidation Kinetics of Graphite Phase in Magnesia-Carbon Refractories10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08423.x ↗
27. Surendranathan, A.O. (2015). An Introduction to Ceramics and Refractories, CRC Press. [1st ed.].10.1201/b17811 ↗
28. Slag Splashing: Simulation and analysis of the slags conditions10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.011 ↗
29. Adhesive Behaviour of BOF Slag to BOF Lining Refractory in Slag Splashing Process10.1002/srin.200606485 ↗
30. Effect of Si antioxidant on the rate of oxidation of carbon in MgO-C refractory10.5829/idosi.ije.2011.24.04b.06 ↗
31. Effect of micro and nano-Al2O3 addition on the microstructure and properties of MgO-C refractory ceramic composite10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.12.068 ↗
32. Microstructure evaluation of MgO-C refractories with TiO2- and Al-additions10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.03.001 ↗
33. Reactions Between MgO-C Refractory, Molten Slag and Metal10.2355/isijinternational.40.Suppl_S101 ↗
34. Bubble Generation in MgO-C Crucible Charged with Slag and Metal in Relation to Local Corrosion10.1515/HTMP.2001.20.3-4.255 ↗
35. Corrosion mechanism and kinetic behaviour of MgO–C refractory material in contact with CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slag10.1111/j.1600-0692.2005.00748.x ↗
36. Viscosity of BOF Slag10.3390/met10070982 ↗
37. Viscosity of Highly Basic Slags10.2355/isijinternational.47.1090 ↗
38. Viscosity Property and Melt Structure of CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3–FeO Slag System10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-479 ↗
39. Liu, Z., Blanpain, B., and Guo, M. (2016). 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, Springer.
40. Liu, Z., Pandelaers, L., Jones, P.T., and Blanpain, B. (2016). Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, Seattle, WA, USA, 22–25 May 2016, Springer.
41. Effect of Crystallization on the Abrupt Viscosity Increase during the Slag Cooling Process10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2018-176 ↗
42. Allibert, M. (1995). Slag Atlas, Verlag Stahleisen. [2nd ed.].
43. Kelly, A., and Zweben, C. (2000). Comprehensive Composite Materials, Elsevier. [1st ed.].10.1016/B0-08-042993-9/00999-2 ↗
44. Improvement of the BOF process use of the radar measurement at the Dillinger Hütte steelplant10.1051/metal:2001105 ↗
45. Barbus, J.A., Dengel, D.S., Boyle, D.B., Nicholas, M., and Rymarchyk, J.R. (2004). Deskulling. (Number US 2004/0239015 A1), Lance. Patent.
46. Turkdogan, E.T. (1996). Fundamentals of Steelmaking, Institute of Materials. [2nd ed.].
47. Deo, B., and Boom, R. (1993). Fundamentals of Steelmaking Metallurgy, Prentice Hall International. [1st ed.].
48. Holappa, L., and Kacar, Y. (2016). Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, Seattle, WA, USA, 22–25 May 2016, Springer.