journal article·2023-06-18Open access

High Frequency Transformers for Solid-State Transformer Applications

Nuno Santos, Miguel Chaves, Paulo Gamboa, Armando Cordeiro, Nelson Santos, Sónia Ferreira Pinto

Applied Sciences· Volume 13· Issue 12

Abstract

This paper focuses on the study of the high frequency transformer incorporated in solid- state transformers, specifically on the development of the steps that enable the design of an optimized high frequency transformer and its equivalent model based on the desired characteristics. The impact of operating a transformer at high frequency and the respective solutions that allow this impact to be reduced are analyzed, alongside the numerous advantages that the utilization of these transformers has over traditional 50/60 Hz transformers. Furthermore, the power scheme of the solid-state transformer is outlined, focusing on the power converters, which are immediately before and after the high frequency transformer (HFT). We also investigate a control technique that allows for correct operation and the existence of power bidirectionality. In a novel approach, this paper demonstrates the systematic steps for designing an HFT according to the desired specifications of each given project, helping students and engineers achieve their objectives in power-electronic applications. Moreover, this paper aims at increasing the knowledge of this area of power electronics and facilitating the development of new topologies with high power density, which are very important to the integration of renewable power sources and other applications. Finally, a simulation is presented to validate a high frequency transformer and its control technique.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced DC-DC Converters · Multilevel Inverters and Converters · Induction Heating and Inverter Technology

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Electrical Engineering Energy and Automation Department (DEEEA), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (IPL), Estrada de Benfica 529, 1549-020 Lisboa, Portugal

Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores: Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID Lisbon), 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal

Centro de Electrotecnia e Electrónica Industrial (CEEI), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal

Low Carbon Energy Conversion (LCEC), Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal

DEEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

Funding

Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)

References (44)

Show source-provided references
1. State of the Art of Solid-State Transformers: Advanced Topologies, Implementation Issues, Recent Progress and Improvements10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2967345 ↗
2. Agheb, E., and Høidalen, H.K. (2012, January 11–14). Medium Frequency High Power Transformers, State of Art and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Nagasaki, Japan.10.1109/ICRERA.2012.6477318 ↗
3. Joshi, A., and Nath, S. (2022, January 1–3). Effect of High-Frequency Transformer Parasitic Capacitances on Operation of Solid-State Transformers. Proceedings of the 2022 Second International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T), Raipur, India.10.1109/ICPC2T53885.2022.9777021 ↗
4. Olowu, T.O., Jafari, H., Moghaddami, M., and Sarwat, A.I. (October, January 29). Physics-Based Design Optimization of High Frequency Transformers for Solid State Transformer Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, USA.10.1109/IAS.2019.8911925 ↗
5. Rashidi, M., Bani-Ahmed, A., Nasiri, R., Mazaheri, A., and Nasiri, A. (2017, January 5–8). Design and implementation of a multi winding high frequency transformer for MPSST application. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), San Diego, CA, USA.10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191108 ↗
6. Peng, Z., Wang, G., Zhai, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, H., and Yi, C. (2019, January 11–14). Optimum Design of High Frequency Transformer Based on Winding Spacing. Proceedings of the 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China.10.1109/ICEMS.2019.8922420 ↗
7. Guo, S., Liu, P., Zhang, L., and Huan, A.Q. (2017, January 1–5). Design and optimization of the high frequency transformer for a 800V/1.2MHz SiC LLC resonant converter. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA.10.1109/ECCE.2017.8096892 ↗
8. Wen, H., Liu, Y., Jiao, D., Yeh, C.-S., and Lai, J.-S. (2021, January 14–17). Design Principles and Optimization Considerations of a High Frequency Transformer in GaN Based 1 MHz 2.8 kW LLC Resonant Converter with over 99% Efficiency. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Phoenix, AZ, USA.10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487305 ↗
9. Di Noia, L.P., and Rizzo, R. (July, January 29). Comparison Between Different High-Frequency Transformer for Resonant Power Converter. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 16th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics, and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Birmingham, UK.10.1109/CPE-POWERENG54966.2022.9880858 ↗
10. Kawaguchi, Y., Furukawa, K., Shimada, T., and Kusukawa, J. (2022, January 15–19). Feasibility Study of High-Frequency Transformer with High-Voltage Insulation Structure for SST Based Medium-Voltage Multi-Level Converter. Proceedings of the 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022-ECCE Asia), Himeji, Japan.10.23919/IPEC-Himeji2022-ECCE53331.2022.9807223 ↗
11. Comparative Analysis of Multilevel-High-Frequency-Link and Multilevel-DC-Link DC–DC Transformers Based on MMC and Dual-Active Bridge for MVDC Application10.1109/TPEL.2017.2700378 ↗
12. Grzejszczak, P., Wolski, K., Brzostek, K., and Sitnik, A. (July, January 27). Comparative study of two types of high-frequency transformers in a 20-kW Phase-Shifted Full Bridge converter application. Proceedings of the 2022 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Koscielisko, Poland.10.1109/PAEE56795.2022.9966578 ↗
13. Chen, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Fu, Q., and Xing, Z. (2019, January 28–29). Analysis of Electromagnetic Characteristics of High Frequency Transformer Based on C Type Nanocrystalline Magnetic Core. Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), Qiqihar, China.10.1109/ICMTMA.2019.00036 ↗
14. Cao, Z., Chen, W., Jiang, J., Zhang, K., Chen, Y., and Shen, Z. (2021, January 23–25). Design of Dry-type High-power High-frequency Transformer Based on Triangular Closed Core. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC), Nanjing, China.10.1109/iSPEC53008.2021.9735925 ↗
15. Design, Modeling, and Analysis of a Compact Planar Transformer10.1109/TMAG.2012.2202642 ↗
16. Barbini, N., Colavitto, A., Vicenzutti, A., Contin, A., and Sulligoi, G. (2019, January 18–20). High Frequency Modeling of Foil Type Transformers for Shipboard Power Electronic Power Distribution Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), Florence, Italy.10.23919/AEIT.2019.8893420 ↗
17. Elrajoubi, A.M., and Ang, S.S. (2019, January 7–8). High-Frequency Transformer Review and Design for Low-Power Solid-State Transformer Topology. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC), College Station, TX, USA.10.1109/TPEC.2019.8662131 ↗
18. She, X., Burgos, R., Wang, G., Wang, F., and Huang, A.Q. (2012, January 15–20). Review of Solid State Transformer in the Distribution System: From Components to Field Application. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Raleigh, NC, USA.10.1109/ECCE.2012.6342269 ↗
19. Falcones, S., Mao, X., and Ayyanar, R. (2010, January 25–29). Topology Comparison for Solid State Transformer Implementation. Proceedings of the IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, USA.10.1109/PES.2010.5590086 ↗
20. Optimal Choice for Number of Strands in a Litz-Wire Transformer Winding10.1109/63.750181 ↗
21. Clement, C. (2014). Skin Effect in Electrical Conductors: Any Commercially Viable Solution, University of Aberdeen.
22. McLyman, C.W.T. (2004). Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Kg Magnetics, Inc.10.1201/9780203913598 ↗
23. High Frequency Transformer Design and Optimization using Bio-inspired Algorithms10.1080/08839514.2018.1506969 ↗
24. Zhang, S., Chen, D., and Bai, B. (2022). Study of a High-Power Medium Frequency Transformer Using Amorphous Magnetic Material. Symmetry, 14.10.3390/sym14102129 ↗
25. Optimal Design of Minimal Footprint High Frequency Transformer10.2298/SJEE2103303B ↗
26. Deepak, S., and Mohanrajan, S.R. (2022, January 1–3). High-Frequency Transformer design for a Bi-directional isolated DC-DC converter for Electric Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 7th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), Mangalore, India.
27. Dey, S., Chakraborty, S.S., Singh, S., and Hatua, K. (2022, January 23–25). Design of High Frequency Transformer for a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) Converter. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Global Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GlobConPT), New Delhi, India.10.1109/GlobConPT57482.2022.9938249 ↗
28. Zhang, X., Xiao, F., Wang, R., Kang, W., and Yang, B. (2022). Modeling and Design of High-Power Enhanced Leakage-Inductance-Integrated Medium-Frequency Transformers for DAB Converters. Energies, 15.10.3390/en15041361 ↗
29. Garcia, R., Escobar-Mejía, A., George, K., and Balda, J.C. (2014, January 24–27). Loss comparison of selected core magnetic materials operating at medium and high frequencies and different excitation voltages. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 5th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Galway, Ireland.10.1109/PEDG.2014.6878680 ↗
30. Hurley, W.H.W.G. (2013). Transformers and Inductors for Power Electronics: Theory, Design and Applications, WILEY.10.1002/9781118544648 ↗
31. Sullivan, C.R., and Zhang, R.Y. (2014, January 16–20). Simplified Design Method for Litz Wire. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition—APEC 2014, Fort Worth, TX, USA.10.1109/APEC.2014.6803681 ↗
32. Mogorovic, M., and Dujic, D. (2017, January 1–5). Medium Frequency Transformer Leakage Inductance Modeling and Experimental Verification. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA.10.1109/ECCE.2017.8095813 ↗
33. Cougo, B., and Kolar, J.W. (2012, January 6–8). Integration of Leakage Inductance in Tape Wound Core Transformers for Dual Active Bridge Converters. Proceedings of the 2012 7th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems (CIPS), Nuremberg, Germany.
34. Karthikeyan, V., Blaabjerg, F., Rajasekar, S., and Pragaspathy, S. (2018, January 18–21). Core Loss Estimation of Magnetic Links in DAB Converter Operated in High-Frequency Non-Sinusoidal Flux Waveforms. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Chennai, India.10.1109/PEDES.2018.8707857 ↗
35. Wojda, R.P. (2016, January 25–28). Winding Resistance and Power Loss for Inductors with Litz and Solid-Round Wires. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (PEMC), Varna, Bulgaria.10.1109/EPEPEMC.2016.7752107 ↗
36. Self-Capacitance of High-Voltage Transformers10.1109/TPEL.2007.904252 ↗
37. Self-Capacitance of Inductors10.1109/63.602562 ↗
38. Laveuve, E., Keradec, J.-P., and Bensoam, M. (October, January 28). Electrostatic of wound components: Analytical results, simulation and experimental validation of the parasitic capacitance. Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Dearborn, MI, USA.10.1109/IAS.1991.178054 ↗
39. LLC Converters with Planar Transformers: Issues and Mitigation10.1109/TPEL.2016.2602360 ↗
40. Mohammadi, P., Samanbakhsh, R., Koohi, P., and Ibanez, F. (2019, January 3–6). High Frequency Transformer Design for Specific Static Magnetising and Leakage Inductances Using Combination of Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks and FEM. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG), Xi’an, China.10.1109/PEDG.2019.8807492 ↗
41. Guru, B.S., and Hiziroglu, H.R. (2001). Electric Machinery and Transformers, Oxford University Press.
42. Wang, Y., de Haan, S.W.H., and Ferreira, J.A. (2009, January 17–20). Optimal Operating Ranges of three Modulation Methods in Dual Active Bridge Converters. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Wuhan, China.10.1109/IPEMC.2009.5157602 ↗
43. Comparison of Different Phase-Shift Control Methods at Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter10.18100/ijamec.60506 ↗
44. Ellis, G. (2012). Control System Design Guide: Using Your Computer to Understand and Diagnose Feedback Controllers—Fourth Edition, Elsevier Inc.