The Relationship between Gait Velocity and Walking Pattern in Hemiplegic Patients
Source abstract
Abstract
Background Gait speed represents a functional predictor and an impairment severity index in stroke survivors; gait analysis parameters are descriptors of walking strategies used to compensate for the muscle impairment such as vaulting, circumduction and hip hiking. The aim of this study was to assess if there is a relationship between the gait compensatory strategy and gait speed of progression. Methods A sample of 30 patients with post-stroke hemiparesis was assessed for gait compensatory patterns through gait analysis and videorecording. BMI, pain-VAS, Barthel Index, Nottingham Extended ADL Scale, Motricity Index, lower limb muscles strength and aROMs were also included in the assessment. Results In 19 patients it was possible to identify one or more compensatory strategies; in 11 patients no specific gait pattern was found. The vaulting and hip hiking combined gait strategy had an effect on gait speed. Gait speed was directly related to Barthel Index, Nottingham Extended ADL Scale, Motricity Index of the paretic side and in particular with quadriceps and iliopsoas strength and hip extension aROM. Gender, age and paretic side did not influence gait speed. Conclusion Compensatory gait strategies influence gait speed but studies with larger sample size are needed to better highlight their impact.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery · Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders · Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
ASL 11—San Miniato Hospital, 50053 Empoli, Italy
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
Funding
Ministry of Health
References (47)
Show source-provided references
1. Factors affecting balance and ambulation following stroke10.1097/00003086-198401000-00021 ↗
2. GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators (2021). Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol., 20, 795–820.
3. Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke
4. Physical fitness training for stroke patients
5. Physical Activity and Exercise After Stroke: Review of multiple meaningful benefits10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.004311 ↗
6. Effectiveness of adaptive physical< activity combined with therapeutic patient education in stroke survivors at twelve months: A non-randomized parallel group study
7. A systematic review of mechanisms of gait speed change post-stroke. Part 2: Exercise capacity, muscle activation, kinetics, and kinematics10.1080/10749357.2017.1282413 ↗
8. Gait characteristics of post-stroke hemiparetic patients with different walking speeds10.1097/MRR.0000000000000391 ↗
9. A systematic review of mechanisms of gait speed change post-stroke. Part 1: Spatiotemporal parameters and asymmetry ratios10.1080/10749357.2017.1285746 ↗
10. Iosa, M., Benedetti, M.G., Antonucci, G., Paolucci, S., and Morone, G. (2022). Artificial Neural Network Detects Hip Muscle Forces as Determinant for Harmonic Walking in People after Stroke. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22041374 ↗
11. Changes in Walking Speed After High-Intensity Treadmill Training Are Independent of Changes in Spatiotemporal Symmetry After Stroke10.3389/fneur.2021.647338 ↗
12. Matsuzawa, Y., Miyazaki, T., Takeshita, Y., Higashi, N., Hayashi, H., Araki, S., Nakatsuji, S., Fukunaga, S., Kawada, M., and Kiyama, R. (2021). Effect of Leg Extension Angle on Knee Flexion Angle during Swing Phase in Post-Stroke Gait. Medicina, 57.10.3390/medicina57111222 ↗
13. Muscle strengthening for hemiparesis after stroke: A meta-analysis10.1016/j.rehab.2016.02.001 ↗
14. Haruyama, K., Kawakami, M., Okada, K., Okuyama, K., Tsuzuki, K., and Liu, M. (2021). Pelvis-Toe Distance: 3-Dimensional Gait Characteristics of Functional Limb Shortening in Hemiparetic Stroke. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21165417 ↗
15. Hip Hiking and Circumduction10.1097/00002060-200005000-00006 ↗
16. Biomechanical impairments and gait adaptations post-stroke: Multi-factorial associations10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.04.015 ↗
17. Perry, J., and Burnfield, J. (2010). Section Three: Pathological Gait. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function, SLACK Incorporated. [2nd ed.].
18. Examining the validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales: Developing and using illustrated patient simulations to collect the data INFORMATION POINT: Visual Analogue Scale10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00525.x ↗
19. Reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale for disability in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f93 ↗
20. Motor evaluation in vascular hemiplegia10.1159/000115178 ↗
21. Medical Research Council (1942). Aids to the Investigation of Peripheral Nerve Injuries, HMSO.
22. Test-retest reliability of Motricity Index strength assessments for lower extremity in post stroke hemiparesis
23. Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation10.1016/0895-4356(89)90065-6 ↗
24. Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70495-1 ↗
25. Functional Outcome Measures in Contemporary Stroke Trials10.1111/j.1747-4949.2009.00271.x ↗
26. Psychometric characteristics of the Barthel activities of daily living index in stroke patients
27. The Extended Activities of Daily Living scale: A further validation10.3109/09638289209166426 ↗
28. Comparison of 2 Extended Activities of Daily Living Scales with the Barthel Index and Predictors of Their Outcomes10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.645234 ↗
29. A test-retest reliability study of the Barthel Index, the Rivermead Mobility Index, the Nottingham extended Activities of Daily Living Scale and the Frenchay Activities Index in stroke patients10.1080/09638280110045382 ↗
30. A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.018 ↗
31. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data10.1016/0021-9290(95)00017-C ↗
32. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—Part I: Ankle, hip, and spine10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00222-6 ↗
33. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: Anatomical frame definition and determination10.1016/0268-0033(95)91394-T ↗
34. Comfortable and Maximum Gait Speed in Individuals with Chronic Stroke and Community-Dwelling Controls10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106023 ↗
35. Deficits in motor coordination of the paretic lower limb limit the ability to immediately increase walking speed in individuals with chronic stroke10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.09.001 ↗
36. Gait symmetry and velocity differ in their relationship to age10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.030 ↗
37. Walking characteristics including mild motor paralysis and slow walking speed in post-stroke patients10.1038/s41598-020-68905-3 ↗
38. Deficits in motor coordination of the paretic lower limb best explained activity limitations after stroke10.1080/09593985.2018.1488193 ↗
39. Lower Extremity Motor Impairments in Ambulatory Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke: Evidence for Lower Extremity Weakness and Abnormal Muscle and Joint Torque Coupling Patterns10.1177/1545968317721974 ↗
40. Relationship between lower limb coordination and walking speed after stroke: An observational study10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.10.006 ↗
41. Co-contraction around the knee and the ankle joints during post-stroke gait
42. Gait Velocity and Joint Power Generation After Stroke10.1097/PHM.0000000000001122 ↗
43. Strength of the lower limb and trunk muscles is associated with gait speed in individuals with sub-acute stroke: A cross-sectional study10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.03.001 ↗
44. The Strength of the Ankle Dorsiflexors Has a Significant Contribution to Walking Speed in People Who Can Walk Independently After Stroke: An Observational Study10.1016/j.apmr.2012.01.005 ↗
45. The parameters of gait analysis related to ambulatory and balance functions in hemiplegic stroke patients: A gait analysis study10.1186/s12883-021-02072-4 ↗
46. Walking Speed in Stroke Survivors: Considerations for Clinical Practice10.1097/TGR.0b013e31823d9cba ↗
47. Adaptive Physical Activity for Stroke: An Early-Stage Randomized Controlled Trial in the United States10.1177/1545968319862562 ↗