Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies
Source abstract
Abstract
The multiplicity of targets of the 5G and further future technologies, set by the modern societies and industry, lacks the establishment of design methods for the highly multidisciplinary application of wireless platforms for small cells. Constraints are set by the overall energy concept, structural safety and sustainability. Various Smart poles and Light poles exist but it is challenging to define the design drivers especially for a composite load-carrying structure. In this study, the design drivers of a composite 5G smart pole are determined and the connecting design between finite element modelling (FEM), signal penetration and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for thermal analysis are reported as an interdisciplinary process. The results emphasize the significant effects of thermal loading on the material selection. The physical architecture, including various cutouts, is manipulated by the needs of the mmW radios, structural safety and the societal preferences of sustainable city planning, i.e., heat management and aesthetic reasons. Finally, the paint thickness and paint type must be optimized due to radome-integrated radios. In the future, sustainability regulations and realized business models will define the cost-structure and the response by customers.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Electromagnetic wave absorption materials · Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects · Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
Premix Oy, FI-05200 Rajamäki, Finland
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
Funding
Business Finland
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. 5G is Real: Evaluating the Compliance of the 3GPP 5G New Radio System with the ITU IMT-2020 Requirements10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2977406 ↗
2. The CTTC 5G end-to-end experimental platform: Integrating heterogeneous wireless/optical networks, distributed cloud, and IoT devices10.1109/MVT.2015.2508320 ↗
3. Networks and devices for the 5G era10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736748 ↗
4. Landertshamer, O., Benseny, J., Hämmäinen, H., and Wainio, P. (2019, January 25–27). Cost model for a 5G smart light pole network. Proceedings of the CTTE-FITCE, Ghent, Belgium.10.1109/CTTE-FITCE.2019.8894818 ↗
5. Benseny, J., Walia, J., Hämmäinen, H., and Salmelin, J. (2019, January 25–27). City strategies for a 5G small cell network on light poles. Proceedings of the CTTE-FITCE, Ghent, Belgium.10.1109/CTTE-FITCE.2019.8894825 ↗
6. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (2020). Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys., 118, 483–524.10.1097/HP.0000000000001210 ↗
7. Seligar, G. (2007). Sustainability in Manufacturing: Recovery of Resources in Product and Material Cycles, Springer.
8. Francesco, F., Smierzchalski, M., Ettorre, M., Aurinsalo, J., Kautio, K., Lahti, M., Lamminen, A., Säily, J., and Sauleau, R. (2017, January 9–14). An LTCC beam-switching antenna with high beam overlap for 60-GHz mobile access points. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.
9. Large-Eddy Simulation of local heat transfer in plate and pin fin heat exchangers confined in a pipe flow10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.046 ↗
10. Kanerva, M., Lassila, M., Gustafsson, R., O’shea, G., Aarikka-Stenroos, L., and Hemilä, J. (2020, August 15). Emerging 5G Technologies Affecting Markets of Composite Materials, 2018. Available online: https://www.luxturrim5g.com/publications.
11. Dynamics of hybrid shafts10.1016/j.mechrescom.2005.02.005 ↗
12. Design and analysis of automotive composite propeller shaft using FEA10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.012 ↗
13. The mechanical properties of fibre-metal laminates based on glass fibre reinforced polypropylene10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00002-6 ↗
14. Interface modification of glass fibre-polyester composite-composite joints using peel plies10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.01.016 ↗
15. Manuele, G., Bringiotti, M., Lagana, G., and Nicastro, D. (2019). Fiber Glass and ‘Green’ Special Composite Materials as Structural Reinforcement and Systems; Use and Applications from Milan Metro, Brenner Tunnel up to High Speed Train Milan–Genoa, CRC Press.10.1201/9780429424441-278 ↗
16. Recent advances in the application of natural fiber based composites10.1002/mame.201000095 ↗
17. Khalili, P., Liu, X., Zhao, Z., and Blinzler, B. (2019). Fully biodegradable composites: Thermal, flammability, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of natural fibre-reinforced composites with nano-hydroxyapatite. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12071145 ↗
18. Crawford, B., Pakpour, S., Kazemian, N., Klironomos, J., Stoeffler, K., Rho, D., Denault, J., and Milani, A. (2017). Effect of fungal deterioration on physical and mechanical properties of hemp and flax natural fiber composites. Materials, 10.10.3390/ma10111252 ↗
19. Composite materials for wind power turbine blades10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.110641 ↗
20. Hydrolytic stability of unsaturated polyester networks with controlled chain ends10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00185-1 ↗
21. FTIR analysis of hydrolysis in aliphatic polyesters10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.009 ↗
22. Atxaga, G., Marcos, J., Jurado, M., Carapelle, A., and Orava, R. (2012, January 1–5). Radiation shielding of composite space enclosures. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy.
23. Kanerva, M., Koerselman, J., Revitzer, H., Johansson, L., Sarlin, E., Rautiainen, A., Brander, T., and Saarela, O. (2014, January 1–4). Structural assessment of tungsten-epoxy bonding in spacecraft composite enclosures with enhanced radiation protection. Proceedings of the European Conference on Spacecraft Structures, Materials and Mechanical Testing, Braunschweig, Germany. ESA SP-727.
24. Effect of intercalation in graphite epoxy composites on the shielding of high energy radiation10.1557/JMR.1998.0320 ↗
25. Jarvelainen, J., Karttunen, A., Aurinsalo, J., Huhtinen, I., and Hujanen, A. (April, January 31). Characterization of mmWave radomes for base stations and automotive radars. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Krakow, Poland.
26. Karttunen, A., Le Hong Nguyen, S., Koivumäki, P., Haneda, K., Hentilä, T., Asp, A., Hujanen, A., Huhtinen, I., Somersalo, M., and Horsmanheimo, S. (2018, January 9–13). Window and wall penetration loss on-site measurements with three methods. Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, London, UK.10.1049/cp.2018.0380 ↗
27. Rodera Garcia, O. (2018). Damage Onset Modelling of Curved Composite Laminates. [Master’s Thesis, Tampere University]. Available online: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201810032382.
28. Adiabatic heating and damage onset in a pultruded glass fiber reinforced composite under compressive loading at different strain rates10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103728 ↗
29. Measurement of thermal expansion coefficients of composites using strain gages10.1007/BF02410384 ↗
30. Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of GFRP composite laminates with fillers
31. SFS (2003). Standard SFS-EN 40-7 CEN/TC 50 Lighting Columns and Spigots, Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency (FTIA). refers to EN 12767:2019.
32. Study on Young’s modulus of thin films on Kapton by microtensile testing combined with dual DIC system10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.114 ↗
33. A computational fluid dynamics study by conjugate heat transfer in OpenFOAM: A liquid cooling concept for high power electronics10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2020.108654 ↗
34. Wahab, M. (2018, January 9–10). Lateral indentation and impact analyses on curved composite shells. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Fracture Fatigue and Wear, Ghent, Belgium. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering.
35. Heino, M., Salmelin, J., and Wainio, P. (2020, September 15). LuxTurrim5G—Building the Digital Backbone for a Smart City. Available online: https://www.luxturrim5g.com/publications.
36. Direct measurement of residual strains in CFRP-tungsten hybrids using embedded strain gauges10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.008 ↗
37. Effects of thermal cycles on adhesively bonded joints between pultruded GFRP adherends10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.081 ↗
38. Determination of thermal expansion coeffcients for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites10.1016/j.cja.2014.03.010 ↗