The Impact of Reduced N Fertilization Rates According to the “Farm to Fork” Strategy on the Environment and Human Health

The use of synthetic fertilizers, including nitrogen [N] fertilizers, is an indispensable element in today’s agriculture. Through adequate fertilization, farmers have the opportunity to increase crop yields, which is essential in view of the growing population and demand for food. The European Union’s “Farm to Fork” [F2F] strategy, as part of the broader European Green Deal, aims to promote more sustainable agricultural practices by reducing chemical fertilizer use by 20% by 2030. This initiative is designed to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of excessive N application, such as soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. In addition to addressing ecosystem concerns, this strategy also aims to reduce health risks associated with N overuse, such as the accumulation of nitrates [NO3−] in crops, which can lead to the formation of carcinogenic compounds. By integrating alternative fertilization methods, the agricultural sector can work toward more resilient and environmentally friendly systems while maintaining productivity. This paper focuses on a summary of the current knowledge about the consequences of N fertilization reduction and its connection to the soil environment, crops, yields, and human health.