Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany
Source abstract
Abstract
The long-term leaching behavior of incineration bottom ash (IBA) was studied with large-scale samples from two German waste incinerators with grate technology. The observation period was up to 281 days. The aging processes proceeded faster in the outdoor storage of the samples. The dominant factor in the leaching behavior is the pH, which starts at values above 12 and decreases to values below 10 (outdoors, <11 indoors). Most heavy metals exhibit minimum solubility in this pH range. The solubility of Sb depends on the prevailing Ca concentration, due to the formation of low-soluble Ca antimonate. The very low sulfate concentrations observed in the leaching tests with fresh IBA could be explained by the presence of ettringite. In the course of the aging reaction, ettringite is transformed into gypsum. The results from batch tests were compared with those from column tests, showing reasonable agreement. Leaching dynamics can be better followed with column tests. All results confirm that the use of IBA is possible under German law.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production · Coal and Its By-products · Glass properties and applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Funding
German UMWELTBUNDESAMT
References (69)
Show source-provided references
1. Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0 ↗
2. Williams, P.T. (1998). Waste Treatment and Disposal, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Chandler, A.J., Eighmy, T.T., Hartlen, J., Hjelmar, O., Kosson, D.S., Sawell, S.E., van der Sloot, H.A., and Vehlow, J. (1997). Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues, The International Ash Working Group, Elsevier.
4. Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.010 ↗
5. Complete determination of the material composition of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.036 ↗
6. Material and chemical composition of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash fractions with different densities10.1007/s10163-020-01109-z ↗
7. Compositional modelling and crushing behaviour of MSWI bottom ash material classes10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.013 ↗
8. Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122433 ↗
9. Mineralogical characterization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash with an emphasis on heavy metal-bearing phases10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.070 ↗
10. Influence of operational conditions, waste input and ageing on contaminant leaching from waste incinerator bottom ash: A full-scale study10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.040 ↗
11. Overview of Geochemical Processes Controlling Leaching Characteristics of MSWI Bottom Ash10.1016/S0166-1116(97)80228-2 ↗
12. Characterization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash by scanning electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX)
13. Technologies for the management of MSW incineration ashes from gas cleaning: New perspectives on recovery of secondary raw materials and circular economy10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.150 ↗
14. Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031 ↗
15. Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.004 ↗
16. Holm, O., and Thome-Kozmiensky, E. (2018). Removal, Treatment and Utilisation of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash, TK Verlag.
17. Prasad, M.N.V., and Shih, K. (2016). Environmental Materials and Waste, Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention, Academic Press.
18. Kahle, K., Kamuk, B., Kallesøe, J., Fleck, E., Lamers, F., Jacobsson, L., and Sahlén, J. (2015). Bottom Ash from WtE Plants, Metal Recovery and Utilization, Report, International Solid Waste Association ISWA.
19. A review on the utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a mineral resource for construction materials10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106386 ↗
20. Leaching behaviour of incineration bottom ash in a reuse scenario: 12 years-field data vs. lab test results10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.013 ↗
21. Utilisation of Incineration Bottom Ash in Road Construction
22. Alterungsverhalten von MVA-Schlacken
23. Leaching experiments on the release of heavy metals and PAH from soil and waste materials
24. Effect of contact time on the release of contaminants from granular waste materials during column leaching experiments10.1016/j.wasman.2009.11.022 ↗
25. Liu, B., Finkel, M., and Grathwohl, P. (2021). Mass Transfer Principles in Column Percolation Tests: Initial Conditions and Tailing in Heterogeneous Materials. Materials, 14.10.3390/ma14164708 ↗
26. Rauscher, K., Voigt, J., Wilke, I., and Wilke, K.T. (1977). Chemische Tabellen und Rechentafeln für die Analytische Praxis, VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie. [6th ed.].
27. Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash—Leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15115 ↗
28. Bandarra, B.S., Silva, S., Pereira, J.L., Martins, R.C., and Quina, M.J. (2022). A Study on the Classification of a Mirror Entry in the European List of Waste: Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste. Sustainability, 14.10.3390/su141610352 ↗
29. An integrated characterisation of incineration bottom ashes towards sustainable application: Physicochemical, ecotoxicological, and mechanical properties10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131649 ↗
30. Process identification and model development of contaminant transport in MSWI bottom ash10.1016/S0956-053X(01)00034-4 ↗
31. Mineralogical study of secondary mineral phases from weathered MSWI bottom ash: Implications for the modelling and trapping of heavy metals10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.006 ↗
32. The leaching of major and trace elements from MSWI bottom ash as a function of pH and time10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.11.003 ↗
33. A consistent geochemical modelling approach for the leaching and reactive transport of major and trace elements in MSWI bottom ash10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.032 ↗
34. Analysis and interpretation of the leaching behaviour of waste thermal treatment bottom ash by batch and column tests10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.034 ↗
35. Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.047 ↗
36. Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.004 ↗
37. Gustafsson, J.P. (2020). Visual MINTEQ, a Freeware Chemical Equilibrium Model for the Calculation of Metal Speciation, Solubility Equilibria, Sorption etc. for Natural Waters, Available online: https://vminteq.lwr.kth.se/.
38. Allison, J.D., Brown, D.S., and Novo-Gradac, K.J. (1991). MinteqA2/ProdefA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems, Database of Computer Programme, Version 3.0.
39. (2015). Elution von Feststoffen—Schüttelverfahren zur Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von anorganischen und organischen Stoffen mit einem Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg (Standard No. DIN 19529: 2015-12).
40. (2003). Charakterisierung von Abfällen—Auslaugung; Übereinstimungsuntersuchung für die Auslaugung von körnigen Abfällen und Schlämmen—Teil 2: Einstufiges Schüttelverfahren mit einem Flüssigkeits-/Feststoffverhältnis von 10 l/kg und einer Korngröße unter 4 mm (ohne oder mit Korngrößenreduzierung) (Standard No. DIN EN 12457-2: 2003-01).
41. (2009). Elution von Feststoffen—Perkolationsverfahren zur gemeinsamen Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von organischen und anorganischen Stoffen für Materialien mit einer Korngröße bis 32 mm—Grundlegende Charakterisierung mit einem ausführlichen Säulenversuch und Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung mit einem Säulenschnelltest (Standard No. DIN 19528: 2009-01).
42. (1997). Bodenbeschaffenheit—Extraktion in Königswasser löslicher Spurenelemente (Soil Quality—Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua Regia) (Standard No. DIN ISO 11466:1997-06).
43. Hazard Classification of Waste: Review of Available Practical Methods and Tools
44. IGAM, and ITAD (2019). Einstufung von Hausmüllverbrennungsschlacken in das Abfallverzeichnis Anhand der Gefahrenrelevanten Eigenschaften HP1-HP15, Praxisleitfaden der Verbände IGAM und ITAD e.V., Available online: https://www.itad.de/service/mitgliederinfos/oeffentliche-anhaenge/20200424-praxisleitfaden_igam-itad-zur-einstufung-von-hmv-schlacke_version_2-1.pdf.
45. Gefährliche Eigenschaft HP14 von Rostaschen
46. Hjelmar, O., van der Sloot, H.A., and van Zomeren, A. (October, January 30). Hazard property classification of high temperature waste materials. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margerita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy.
47. Simon, F.-G., and Kalbe, U. (2023). Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app13106010 ↗
48. Hydrological and geochemical factors affecting leachate composition in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash: Part II. The geochemistry of leachate from Landfill Lostorf, Switzerland10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00052-2 ↗
49. Effect of carbonation on the leaching of organic carbon and of copper from MSWI bottom ash10.1016/j.wasman.2009.10.016 ↗
50. Complexation of Cu with dissolved organic carbon in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash leachates10.1021/es971113u ↗
51. Copper(II) Binding to Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Leachate10.1021/es062954g ↗
52. Contribution of Natural Organic Matter to Copper Leaching from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash10.1021/es035266v ↗
53. Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Modelling of the effect of pH and carbonation10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.018 ↗
54. Solubility of Antimony and Other Elements in Samples Taken from Shooting Ranges10.2134/jeq2005.0248 ↗
55. The presence and leachability of antimony in different wastes and waste handling facilities in Norway10.1039/C5EM00210A ↗
56. Potential Use of Incineration Bottom Ash in Construction: Evaluation of the Environmental Impact10.1007/s12649-020-01086-2 ↗
57. Grain size and mineralogical constraints on leaching in the bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration: A comparison of five plants in northern Italy10.3389/fenvs.2023.1179272 ↗
58. Geochemical Modeling of Weathering Reactions in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash10.1021/es9603158 ↗
59. Solubility of ettringite (Ca6[Al(OH)6]2(SO4)3 · 26H2O) at 5–75 °C10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00078-2 ↗
60. The solubility of ettringite at 25°C10.1016/0008-8846(94)90166-X ↗
61. Ettringite solubility and geochemistry of the Ca(OH)2–Al2(SO4)3–H2O system at 1 atm pressure and 298 K10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00128-9 ↗
62. Schweizerischer Bundesrat (2015). Verordnung über Die Vermeidung und Die Entsorgung von Abfällen (VVEA), Available online: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2015/891/de.
63. Bundesregierung (2023, December 10). TA Siedlungsabfall, Technische Anleitung zur Verwertung, Behandlung und Sonstigen Entsorgung von Siedlungsabfällen (Dritte Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz) vom 14. Mai 1993, Bundesanzeiger 99a, Available online: https://www.lanuv.nrw.de/fileadmin/lanuv/abfall/tasi.pdf.
64. Bundesregierung (2023, December 10). Verordnung über Deponien und Langzeitlager (Deponieverordnung—DepV), Bundesgesetzblatt I (2002) 2807, Available online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/depv_2009/DepV.pdf.
65. Utilisation of Incineration Bottom Ash and Respective Legal Requirements in the EU, Norway and Switzerland
66. Eberle, S.H., Freyas, R., Huckele, S., Haag, I., and Rödelsperger, M. (2010). Sickerwasserprognose, Forschungsreport (Schlussbericht), 02WA0071, Heinrich-Sontheimer-Laboratorium im Technologiezentrum Wasser.
67. Municipal incinerated bottom ash characteristics and potential for use as aggregate in concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.132 ↗
68. Vitrification treatment of municipal solid waste bottom ash10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.021 ↗
69. Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.034 ↗