Heterogeneous Deformation of As-Built Nickel Alloy 625 with Checkered Columnar Grains at Different Strain Rates (AMB2022-04)
Source abstract
Abstract
The Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM Bench) provides comprehensive measurement data for additive manufacturing (AM) simulations and modeling. As part of the primary AM Bench 2022 measurements, tensile testing at different strain rates and microstructural characterization on AM nickel alloy 625 (UNS N06625) in the as-built condition are performed. Tensile specimens are built with an X-Y alternating scan strategy on a commercial powder bed fusion machine and machined in accordance with ASTM E8 subsize specimen geometry. Each specimen is tested at a nominal strain rate of 10-3 s-1 or 10-2 s-1 on a servohydraulic material testing machine. Stereo digital image correlation (DIC) is used to report a virtual extensometer strain up to fracture and to show heterogeneous deformation with local crosshatch strain banding throughout the gauge section at both strain rates. Anisotropic deformation is also measured where the principal strains deviate from the isotropic strain path. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are performed to help illuminate the microstructural role in the anisotropy and heterogeneous deformation. Finally, nanoindentation followed by EBSD of the indents are performed to investigate the difference in the indentation response of different grain orientations and grain locations with respect to the laser track.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · High Entropy Alloys Studies · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (62)
Show source-provided references
1. Levine LE, Lane B (nd) Additive manufacturing benchmark test series (AM-Bench). https://www.nist.gov/ambench
2. Levine L, Lane B, Heigel J, Migler K, Stoudt M, Phan T, Ricker R, Strantza M, Hill M, Zhang F et al (2018) AM-bench measurements, challenge problems, modeling submissions, and conference. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 9(2020):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00164-110.1007/s40192-019-00164-1 ↗
3. Levine L, Lane B, Becker C, Belak J, Carson R, Deisenroth D, Glaessgen E, Gnaeupel-Herold T, Gorelik M, Greene G, Habib SA, Higgins C, Hill M, Hrabe N, Killgore J, Won Kim J, Lemson G, Migler K, Rowenhorst D, Moylan S, Pagan D, Phan T, Praniewicz M, Simonds B, Stoudt M, Schwalbach E, Seppala J, Weaver J, Yeung H, Zhang F (2024) Outcomes and conclusions from the 2022 AM bench measurements, challenge problems, modeling submissions, and conference. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-024-00372-410.1007/s40192-024-00372-4 ↗
4. Special Metals Corporation (2013) Special metals datasheet for inconel 625
5. Floreen S, Fuchs GE, Yang WJ (1994) The metallurgy of alloy 625. Superalloys 718:13–3710.7449/1994/Superalloys_1994_13_37 ↗
6. Shankar V, Bhanu Sankara Rao K, Mannan SL (2001) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 superalloy. J Nuclear Mater 288:222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00723-610.1016/S0022-3115(00)00723-6 ↗
7. Sundararaman M, Mukhopadhyay P, Banerjee S (1992) Some aspects of the precipitation of metastable intermetallic phases in INCONEL 718. Metall Trans A 23:2015–2028. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0264754910.1007/BF02647549 ↗
8. ASTM B443 (2019) Specification for nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy (UNS N06625) and nickel-chromium-molybdenum-silicon alloy (UNS N06219) plate, sheet, and strip. https://doi.org/10.1520/B0443-1910.1520/B0443-19 ↗
9. ASTM B564 (2022) Specification for Nickel Alloy Forgings. https://doi.org/10.1520/B0564-2210.1520/B0564-22 ↗
10. ISO/ASTM 52900 (2021) Additive manufacturing–General principles–Fundamentals and vocabulary
11. Wang YM, Voisin T, McKeown JT, Ye J, Calta NP, Li Z, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen W, Roehling TT, Ott RT, Santala MK, Depond PJ, Matthews MJ, Hamza AV, Zhu T (2018) Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility. Nat Mater 17:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat502110.1038/nmat5021 ↗
12. De Terris T, Andreau O, Peyre P, Adamski F, Koutiri I, Gorny C, Dupuy C (2019) Optimization and comparison of porosity rate measurement methods of Selective Laser Melted metallic parts. Addit Manuf 28:802–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.05.03510.1016/j.addma.2019.05.035 ↗
13. Dwivedi A, Khurana MK, Bala YG (2024) A comparative study of porosity rate measurement methods and influence of energy density in Inconel 718 produced by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. Int J Interact Des Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-024-01875-210.1007/s12008-024-01875-2 ↗
14. Brown CU, Jacob G, Possolo A, Beauchamp C, Peltz M, Stoudt M, Donmez A (2018) The effects of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on material hardness and density for nickel alloy 625, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-1910.6028/NIST.AMS.100-19 ↗
15. Marchese G, Parizia S, Rashidi M, Saboori A, Manfredi D, Ugues D, Lombardi M, Hryha E, Biamino S (2020) The role of texturing and microstructure evolution on the tensile behavior of heat-treated Inconel 625 produced via laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng A 769:138500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13850010.1016/j.msea.2019.138500 ↗
16. Marchese G, Lorusso M, Parizia S, Bassini E, Lee J-W, Calignano F, Manfredi D, Terner M, Hong H-U, Ugues D, Lombardi M, Biamino S (2018) Influence of heat treatments on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 processed by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng A 729:64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.04410.1016/j.msea.2018.05.044 ↗
17. Rosenthal I, Weaver JS, Moylan S (2023) The influence of the melt pool structure on the mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion Nickel Superalloy 625. Mater Today Commun 36:106810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.10681010.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106810 ↗
18. Qin S, Novak TC, Vailhe MK, Liu Z-K, Beese AM (2021) Plasticity and fracture behavior of Inconel 625 manufactured by laser powder bed fusion: comparison between as-built and stress relieved conditions. Mater Sci Eng A 806:140808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14080810.1016/j.msea.2021.140808 ↗
19. Nguejio J, Szmytka F, Hallais S, Tanguy A, Nardone S, Godino Martinez M (2019) Comparison of microstructure features and mechanical properties for additive manufactured and wrought nickel alloys 625. Mater Sci Eng A 764:138214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13821410.1016/j.msea.2019.138214 ↗
20. AMB2022-04 (2022) Benchmark measurements and challenge problems. https://www.nist.gov/document/amb2022-04-measurement-and-challenge-descriptions102
21. Kafka OL, Benzing J, Moser N, Liew L-A, Weaver J, Hrabe N, Benchmark AM (2023) Additive Manufacturing Benchmark 2022 subcontinuum mesoscale tensile challenge (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MeTT) and summary of predictions. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 12:196–20910.1007/s40192-023-00307-5 ↗
22. Moser N, Benzing J, Kafka OL, Weaver J, Derimow N, Rentz R, Hrabe N (2024) AM bench 2022 macroscale tensile challenge at different orientations (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MaTTO) and summary of predictions. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-023-00333-310.1007/s40192-023-00333-3 ↗
23. Carson R, Levine L (2022) Macroscale compression at different temperatures and orientations (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MaCTO). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-268110.18434/mds2-2681 ↗
24. Habib SA, Jordan WS, Mates SP, Levine LE (2023) AM Bench 2022 ASTM E8 macroscale tension at different strain rates on As-built IN625, National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-276010.18434/mds2-2760 ↗
25. ASTM E8 (2021) Test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0008_E0008M-2110.1520/E0008_E0008M-21 ↗
26. ASTM E1012 (2019) Practice for verification of testing frame and specimen alignment under tensile and compressive axial force application. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1012-1910.1520/E1012-19 ↗
27. Jones E, Iadicola M, Bigger R, Blaysat B, Boo C, Grewer M, Hu J, Jones A, Klein M, Raghavan K, Reu P, Schmidt T, Siebert T, Simenson M, Turner D, Vieira A, Weikert T (2018) A good practices guide for digital image correlation. In: International digital image correlation society, 1st edn. https://doi.org/10.32720/idics/gpg.ed110.32720/idics/gpg.ed1 ↗
28. Bachmann F, Hielscher R, Schaeben H (2010) Texture analysis with MTEX–free and open source software toolbox. In: Solid state phenomena. Trans Tech Publ, pp 63–6810.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.160.63 ↗
29. ASTM B311−22 (2022) Test method for density of powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity. https://doi.org/10.1520/B0311-2210.1520/B0311-22 ↗
30. Oliver WC, Pharr GM (2004) Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: advances in understanding and refinements to methodology. J Mater Res 1910.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.3 ↗
31. Kammers AD, Daly S (2013) Digital image correlation under scanning electron microscopy: methodology and validation. Exp Mech 53:1743–1761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9782-x10.1007/s11340-013-9782-x ↗
32. Bourdin F, Stinville JC, Echlin MP, Callahan PG, Lenthe WC, Torbet CJ, Texier D, Bridier F, Cormier J, Villechaise P, Pollock TM, Valle V (2018) Measurements of plastic localization by heaviside-digital image correlation. Acta Mater 157:307–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.01310.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.013 ↗
33. Sofinowski KA, Raman S, Wang X, Gaskey B, Seita M (2021) Layer-wise engineering of grain orientation (LEGO) in laser powder bed fusion of stainless steel 316L. Addit Manuf 38:101809
34. Piglione A, Dovgyy B, Liu C, Gourlay C, Hooper P, Pham M (2018) Printability and microstructure of the CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Lett 224:22–2510.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.052 ↗
35. Fonda RW, Rowenhorst DJ (nd) Crystallographic variability in additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng
36. Chen ZW, Phan MAL, Darvish K (2017) Grain growth during selective laser melting of a Co–Cr–Mo alloy. J Mater Sci 52:7415–7427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0975-z10.1007/s10853-017-0975-z ↗
37. Kapur J, Casasent D, Mellon C (2000) Geometric correction of SEM images. In: Proc. SPIE 4044, hybrid image and signal processing VII. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391928.10.1117/12.391928 ↗
38. Linne MA, Daly S (2019) Data clustering for the high-resolution alignment of microstructure and strain fields. Mater Charact10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109984 ↗
39. Nolze G (2007) Image distortions in SEM and their influences on EBSD measurements. Ultramicroscopy 107(2–3):172–18310.1016/j.ultramic.2006.07.003 ↗
40. Winiarski B, Gholinia A, Mingard K, Gee M, Thompson G, Withers P (2021) Correction of artefacts associated with large area EBSD. Ultramicroscopy 226:11331510.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113315 ↗
41. Levinson AJ, Rowenhorst DJ, Lewis AC (2015) Automated image alignment and distortion removal for 3-d serial sectioning with electron backscatter diffraction. Microsc Microanal 21:167310.1017/S1431927615009149 ↗
42. Bergmann R, Chan RH, Hielscher R, Persch J, Steidl G (2016) Restoration of manifold-valued images by half-quadratic minimization. IPI 10:281–304. https://doi.org/10.3934/ipi.201600110.3934/ipi.2016001 ↗
43. Hielscher R, Silbermann CB, Schmidl E, Ihlemann J (2019) Denoising of crystal orientation maps. J Appl Crystallogr 52:984–996. https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057671900907510.1107/S1600576719009075 ↗
44. Serrano-Munoz I, Ulbricht A, Fritsch T, Mishurova T, Kromm A, Hofmann M, Wimpory RC, Evans A, Bruno G (2021) Scanning manufacturing parameters determining the residual stress state in LPBF IN718 small parts. Adv Eng Mater 23:2100158. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.20210015810.1002/adem.202100158 ↗
45. Stoudt MR, Williams ME, Levine LE, Creuziger A, Young SA, Heigel JC, Lane BM, Phan TQ (2020) Location-specific microstructure characterization within IN625 additive manufacturing benchmark test artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 9:54–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00172-610.1007/s40192-020-00172-6 ↗
46. Wang Z, Stoica AD, Ma D, Beese AM (2016) Diffraction and single-crystal elastic constants of Inconel 625 at room and elevated temperatures determined by neutron diffraction. Mater Sci Eng A 674:406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.01010.1016/j.msea.2016.08.010 ↗
47. Vlassak JJ, Nix WD (1994) Measuring the elastic properties of anisotropic materials by means of indentation experiments. J Mech Phys Solids 42:1223–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(94)90033-710.1016/0022-5096(94)90033-7 ↗
48. Vlassak JJ, Nix W (1993) Indentation modulus of elastically anisotropic half spaces. Philos Mag A 67:1045–105610.1080/01418619308224756 ↗
49. Xu A, Saleh M, Davis J, Edwards L, Bhattacharyya D (2018) In-situ micro-tensile investigation of strain rate response along and directions in single crystal nickel. Int J Plast 106:129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2018.03.00510.1016/j.ijplas.2018.03.005 ↗
50. Staubwassert W (1959) On work-hardening of aluminium-single crystals (99.99%) and its interpretation. Acta Metallurgica 7
51. Takeuchi T (1975) Work hardening of copper single crystals with multiple glide orientations. Trans JIM 16:629–640. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.16.62910.2320/matertrans1960.16.629 ↗
52. Honeycombe RWK (1968) The plastic deformation of metals. Hodder & Stoughton
53. Kiely JD, Houston JE (1998) Nanomechanical properties of Au (111), (001), and (110) surfaces. Phys Rev B 57:12588–12594. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.1258810.1103/PhysRevB.57.12588 ↗
54. Tsuru T, Shibutani Y (2007) Anisotropic effects in elastic and incipient plastic deformation under (001), (110), and (111) nanoindentation of Al and Cu. Phys Rev B 75:035415. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.03541510.1103/PhysRevB.75.035415 ↗
55. Tekumalla S, Selvarajou B, Raman S, Gao S, Seita M (2022) The role of the solidification structure on orientation-dependent hardness in stainless steel 316L produced by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng A 833:142493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14249310.1016/j.msea.2021.142493 ↗
56. Lee YH, Hahn JH, Nahm SH, Jang JI, Kwon D (2008) Investigations on indentation size effects using a pile-up corrected hardness. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:074027. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/7/07402710.1088/0022-3727/41/7/074027 ↗
57. Renner E, Gaillard Y, Richard F, Amiot F, Delobelle P (2016) Sensitivity of the residual topography to single crystal plasticity parameters in Berkovich nanoindentation on FCC nickel. Int J Plast 77:118–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2015.10.00210.1016/j.ijplas.2015.10.002 ↗
58. Zambaldi C, Raabe D (2010) Plastic anisotropy of γ-TiAl revealed by axisymmetric indentation. Acta Mater 58:3516–353010.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.025 ↗
59. Eidel B (2011) Crystal plasticity finite-element analysis versus experimental results of pyramidal indentation into (001) fcc single crystal. Acta Mater 59:1761–1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.11.04210.1016/j.actamat.2010.11.042 ↗
60. Liu Y, Varghese S, Ma J, Yoshino M, Lu H, Komanduri R (2008) Orientation effects in nanoindentation of single crystal copper. Int J Plast 24:1990–2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2008.02.00910.1016/j.ijplas.2008.02.009 ↗
61. Alcala J, Casals O, Ocenasek J (2008) Micromechanics of pyramidal indentation in fcc metals: single crystal plasticity finite element analysis. J Mech Phys Solids 56:3277–3303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2008.07.00410.1016/j.jmps.2008.07.004 ↗
62. Wang X, Zheng B, Yu K, Jiang S, Lavernia EJ, Schoenung JM (2021) The role of cell boundary orientation on mechanical behavior: a site-specific micro-pillar characterization study. Addit Manuf 46:102154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.10215410.1016/j.addma.2021.102154 ↗