Pollutants Concentration during the Construction and Operation Stages of a Long Tunnel: A Case Study of Lowari Tunnel, (Dir–Chitral), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Source abstract
Abstract
Long tunnels with significant overburden, changeable geological conditions, a steep gradient, water infiltration, and heavy traffic flow are susceptible to environmental concerns during both construction and operation. The availability of fresh air and visibility is the most important necessity in excavation for tunnel workers inside the tunnel during the construction phase, as well as those crossing the tunnel during operation. Lowari Tunnel’s tunnel air pollutants were researched. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), PM1, PM2.5, PM10, air velocity, dust morphological and particle size distribution analysis are among the parameters under consideration. The findings provide evidence for the development of tunnel air quality.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Air Quality and Health Impacts · Vehicle emissions and performance · Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
Department of Geology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L) 18800, Pakistan
Department of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U) 18000, Pakistan
Department of Historical Geology-Paleontology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Earth Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece
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